The Introduction of Popular Music in School Music Curriculum Essay

The Introduction of Popular Music in School Music Curriculum - Essay Example In most societies in human civilisation’s timeline, there has been a great regard to various art forms, and these are often included in the daily lives of these peoples. Music is considered to be one of these important art forms that not only serve an aesthetic purpose, but also as part of the community’s culture, traditions, and spiritual living. While music is not something that everyone must do in any given society, it has been a universally-accepted truth that aside from all other humanistic artistic pursuits, music is a key universal feature in human civilisation (Green, 2003, p. 263). Such is high regard for music that long after modernisation and expansion of science and technology, there is still room for the inclusion of music in nearly every aspect of human society and culture from business (i.e. showbiz and merchandising) to social stance (i.e. music in defining political standpoint), thus it is still included in nearly every school curricula from the past to the present. Music education among various levels of schooling has been the norm for most educational systems and often lauded as a strong means of empowering and changing students and teachers (Abrahams, 2005, p. 12). Positive effects of music learning like instilling different virtues and attitudes among music students such as discipline and teamwork and improving literacy rates and increasing social awareness within the musical context are included in the many reasons why music is still a strong part of educational curricula in all levels of education despite a world-wide decrease in funds allotted for education in most nations (Philpott & Plummeridge, 2001; Tagg, 1982, p. 40). Aside from music as a universal concept and idea, it is considered a part of tradition and culture, giving people their unique identity amidst a fast-paced modern life (Lamont & Maton, 2010). Music’s importance and relevance is still recognised, and as a strong component of aesthetics music educati on remains to be integrated in most schools’ current curricula. At present most schools’ music curricula focus on traditional teaching music through the use of different scales, notations, sight reading, harmonisation and other musical concepts associated with traditional music lessons, along with musical styles of church hymns, orchestral and solo instruments typical of the early European classical pieces (Swanwick, 2002). While there has been observed advanced developments in other curricula such as science, mathematics, literature, and sociology, teaching methods in musical education have not changed much since the introduction of the public schooling system, making it lag behind from other fields of study. Because of this, lessons appear to focus on music that most of the younger generation consider â€Å"church music†, â€Å"old people music† or â€Å"archaic†, making them care less and deem these to be of lesser regard as opposed to say, musi c from the 1970’s and beyond (Jorgensen, 2003, p. 4). This way of thinking pushes the need to include other aspects of music that the present generation has greater appreciation of into the school curriculum, to increase the interest of the students in learning music and to improve their perception in learning the important principles of music as a whole (Frith, 1998). However, the fact that most academicians have less regard on popular music makes it harder to integrate this kind of music genre into an academic setting, as popular music has often been considered to be unimaginative, has lesser variation in style, timbre, etc., highly-repetitive, and comparable to mass-produced items (Lebler, 2008; Serra, Corral, Boguna, Haro & Ll. Arcos, 2012). Stigma associated with popular music does not give it justice to be taught formally to younger generations, which makes it difficult to integrate it into formal music curricula. Thankfully, there were changes in this viewpoint recentl y, and it is possible that through a compromise between the introduction

Chi-Globalization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chi-Globalization - Term Paper Example Chi globalization encompasses the creation of a society with various specific features such as pragmatism, inter-culturalism and multiculturalism. This concept is basically a demonstration of a process that involves china’s engagement in the diverse aspects of civilization and development of globalization. Concerns revolve around the creation of globally enlightened world with the aim of facilitating and enhancing the lives of people from the point of view of a Eurocentric model. Chi globalization can be viewed as being both intercultural and bicultural. From the bicultural viewpoint it basically has its foundation on the emergence of the Chinese model that followed from china’s fusion with western and eastern cultures (Killion, 2006, p.45). The fusion of the different cultures has its origin from the opium war which took place in the 1850’s. In this case chi globalization occupies quite an integral part in the history as well as the current state of china in rel ation civilization and development (Alon, Ilan and John 2008, p.37). A study of what drove forth towards the existence of Chi globalization indicates that Anglobalization is a major factor. On the other hand Chi globalization being understood as being something that is intercultural two processes are involved. The first process presents that it is an opportunity created for china to open and embrace other cultures form other people. The second process demonstrates that chi globalization is involves the identification and incorporation of other cultures into the Chinese culture for instance the African culture, Latin American culture among others. An in-depth analysis of chi globalization presents some unique factors that have played quite a major role in its development. The globalization of America forms an important in this discussion. This is due to the fact it is the fundamental basis in which chi globalization grew out of. In connection to this the United States has acted as a model for china from the economic, cultural and social perspectives. Most aspects of civilization and development in china have simply been a reflection of what is happening in the United States (Veeck, Pannell, Smith and Huang 2007, p.60) For years America has been a major consumer of china made goods providing a reliable market even when the state is hit by a financial crisis such as the Wall Street crisis. On the same not America has had interest and created ties with china through engagement in foreign direct investment. Most of the ideas and strategies that have been used to drive china’s development have sourced from the United States thus making America a major source inspiration for the state of china. Up to this point on the higher side the American dream is in a way the dream for china. Therefore china has some fundamental values similar to those understood to facilitate the development of globalization in the United States. Such values include the free flow of both ideas and information and free flow of capital and goods. Despite Chi globalization borrowing a lot from Ameriglobalization and Anglobalization there are some unique values that make it differ in a way. This is due to the fact that it highly relates more to the culture in china. Increased identification with the world of Ameriglobalization and Anglobalization makes the way of life for the Chinese people a global model aimed at fostering development that fits the

Teenage Pregnancy Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Health And Social Care Essay

Teenage Pregnancy Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Health And Social Care Essay Teenage pregnancy is a critical public health issue in both the developing and developed world. It has been thought to have an intrinsic effect on the infant and maternal morbidity and mortality statistics worldwide. In its publication, the State of the Worlds Children report, UNICEF stated that worldwide over 500,00 women of all age groups die yearly and 70000 females aged 15-19 years would die during child birth [1] . Currently, evidence of causal hypothesis is conflicting and inconclusive as to whether adverse outcomes are the result of immaturity of the reproductive system or attributable to other socio-demographic characteristics of adolescents .A study demonstrated that majority of pregnant adolescents had no source of income and lacked health insurance [2] .Teenagers were also found to be more likely to be single, less educated and receive or attend insufficient antenatal care when compared with older mothers [3-5] . Fraser et al conducted a large population-based study which showed that pregnancy in adolescence was associated with an inherently increased risk for obstetric and neonatal outcomes [6] .However, some other studies demonstrated a lack of association attributing the outcome to social factors. This article aims to review, critically appraise, and synthesise evidence from original publications of observational studies on the relationship between teenage pregnancy and adverse reproductive outcomes. It focuses mainly on prematurity, low birth weight and route of delivery as there are a myriad of adverse birth outcomes-maternal: preeclampsia, anaemia, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), perineal tears, instrumental delivery, caesarean delivery and infant-related complications: prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, small for gestational age, perinatal morbidity- attributable to teenage pregnancy and there is strict limitation on the article word count. Methodology: literature search and selection of studies A literature search on teenage pregnancy and adverse reproductive outcomes of primary studies published in the last 10 years was carried out .Included studies were journal articles published in the English language-this limitation confers some degree of bias to the review. Epidemiological evidence for this review is defined as observational studies- cross-sectional surveys, case-control studies, retrospective cohort studies and prospective cohort studies. Database searching of Medline (U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) and Embase (Elsevier) was conducted using the following keyword phrases and related terms as search terms teenage pregnancy or pregnancies, adolescent pregnancy or pregnancies and pregnancy outcome, adverse reproductive outcomes and related terms(refer appendix 1). The Medline search yielded 110 articles but reviewing the abstracts showed only few of the studies met the inclusion criteria or were readily available online or in print. A similar search conducted on the Embase database yielded less promising results. Additional journal articles were located by reviewing cited references and citation tracking of some of the selected studies. The related article or similar article feature of some journals was used to identify similar studies and their abstracts were reviewed to check if they met the selection criteria. Case studies, case reports, editorials, and reviews were excluded from the search. Selection criteria To be included in this review, the selected studies had to meet the following criteria: -teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy in young women under 20 years -women above 35 years old were either excluded from or treated as an independent category in the study as they are known to have high obstetric risks -must demonstrate some statistical description and /or analysis of confounding variables in the association between teenage pregnancy and adverse reproductive outcomes -should have some comparative element in which teenagers are compared with a suitable reference category -outcome measures include at least two of the following: prematurity preterm delivery, Caesarean section (CS), low birth weight (LBW), infant mortality, neonatal mortality, perinatal mortality, maternal mortality, severe anaemia, preeclampsia and eclampsia -a significance assessment can be made either by using p-values or confidence intervals Table 1:Characteristics of selected studies Authors Publication year(Study period) Setting Study design Sample size Age of teenage subjects(years) Outcome measures of interest Confounding variables considered Other study characteristics Ekwo and Moawad [3] 2000(1989-1995) U.S.A Hospital based retrospective cohort 6,072 3 groups-=15,16-17,18-19 20-24 as reference group Preterm birth, low birth weight Maternal smoking, drug abuse, insurance status, adequacy of prenatal care, median family income, marital status Primaparous black women , singleton pregnancies Bukulmez et al [7] 2000(1990-1998) Turkey Hospital-based matched case-control study 4,470(1,490 cases,3980 controls) Cases:15-19 controls:20-34 stratified during analysis as =17,18-19,20-34 Low birth weight, preterm delivery, pregnancy induced hypertension(preeclampsia, eclampsia),LBW, Antenatal care, gravidity, parity, Singleton pregnancies, subjects matched on marital status, socioeconomic class and ethnicity-white married women of high social status Jolly et al [4] 2000(1988-1997) United Kingdom Hospital based retrospective cohort 341,708

FDA and Merck :: essays research papers

The FDA and Merck Vioxx Scandal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the news recently, many different companies have been recognized for their unethical practices in their company and towards the public. One of these companies is the FDA and Merck. The FDA, the Federal Drug Administration, is one of the most trusted companies in the pharmaceutical market. This company tests different drugs and gives approval for them to be obtainable to the public. Merck is a company that creates these drugs and then has them tested by the FDA for approval. Some of the drugs that Merck has been known for are Singulair for asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis, Fosamax for osteoporosis, Cozaar/Hyzaar for high blood pressure, Vioxx and Arcoxia for arthritis and pain, Cancidas for infections, Cosopt for glaucoma, Proscar for benign prostate enlargement, and Maxalt for migraines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, the FDA and Merck have been battling with many facilities and the public over the drug Vioxx. Vioxx was produced to help arthritis pain in patients. The FDA approved the drug that Merck produced and has been in the market for four years, and recently pulled off of it. Evidence is continuing to surface showing the FDA knowingly approved and promoted the drug, and refused to recall it after showing many health risks and deaths because of it. Evidence has also shown Merck trying to hide evidence of heart disease after the FDA has approved it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the FDA and Merck has lied to the public and drawn out many health risks because of drugs that they have approved, it is difficult to come up with an idea that will restore the public’s trust towards both companies. The FDA which was already one of America’s most trusted companies in the medicine industry, has lost the faith that customers always had. To regain the trust of the public, the company could have different public announcements to explain the situation and what occurred with the Vioxx scandal.

Dbq12: the Industrial Revolution: Beginnings Answers

DOC #1 This document would help support the geographical/resource paragraph for the essay question – essentially, England had coal which powered machines, iron which created the machines and wool which the machines made into thread and then textiles. If the map is to scale, it is easy to infer that the resources were fairly close to canals or ports which meant less expense and faster shipping to the factories. DOC#2 This document supports the geographical/resource paragraph for the essay – factories needed a large, mobile population to work in the factories.DOC#3 This document supports an innovation paragraph because the idea of the assembly line was first used in the textile mills to increase production. This document could also be used to support the resource paragraph because if there were not so many people available to work in the factories, then there would not be enough people to man the assembly line. DOC#4 This document aids the resource/geography paragraph as it discusses the coal, iron and wool resources’ proximity to ports and rivers. These waterways cut down on shipping time and cost, as land shipping is usually more costly due to the length of time it takes.Because thee resources are close together, they can also be easily experimented with, due to the lower shipping costs. DOC#5 This document would support an innovation/scientific paragraph as it focuses on how English thinkers are able to work on their inventions. DOC:6 This document can be used in an innovation paragraph as it focuses on what inventions produced which results. It could also be used to support a resource paragraph as it infers that with these inventions, less people were needed to work, so more people were available to work in factories.It could also be used to support a factory paragraph as it describes the inventions that created the first textile mills, the first industry in England. Doc7 This document could support an innovation paragraph due to the impr ovements in agriculture which are able to support a growing number of city dwellers due to increased harvests. It could also support a resource paragraph as it infers that less people are needed on farms to plant and harvest crops; therefore, people are available to work in factories. Doc8This document would support a resource paragraph as it describes how farms create more food and infers that more people are available for other jobs. It could also support a political paragraph as it states that Parliament id not interfere with the consolidation of land into large farms. Doc9 This document would support a political paragraph as it states that England’s freedom in politics and economics, as compared to other countries like France and Germany where businesses are strictly regulated and shipping costs are prohibitive toward industrial development, led to its status as being the first country to industrialize.

Google Search

How does Google search engine works which search engine Is the best..? Yahoo Bing Yandex Fine.. Let's Google It! we know that Google tops the list without giving a second thought.. Let's see how It works. The web contains over 30 trillion pages and It keeps on increasing. To understand our query and to provide the most relevant solution is definitely not an easy task. So how do they pull it together? Google uses a automated program called Spiders or Crawlers.Spiders begin by fetching the data from a few web pages and then it follows the links on those pages and then follow the links on those pages and so on until a pretty big portion of the web Is linked. These pages are stored on millions of computers and have about million of ggabytes. The pages are sorted by their content and other factors and they are kept track of in the index. There are several algorithms and programs to understand and deliver the best posslbe result.Algorithms Ilke autocomplete, spelling, synonyms, query under standing etc are used to understand what the user actually want. Then using these Information the most relevant pages are sorted out based on over 200 factors. These factors Include site and page quality, freshness,This blends the relevant Images, videos, data and personal content Into a single unified search results page. After all these factors are evaluated and a fine list of search results are obtained they are Olspla to tne user. The next stage is to fight the spam off The site owners will be notified if their site is marked as spam. The siteowners could then fix the problem. And the best part is that all these things happen in Just 118th of a second and Google could support about 100 billion searches each month..!

Logitechs Global Distribution and Logistics Analysis Essays

Logitechs Global Distribution and Logistics Analysis Essays Logitechs Global Distribution and Logistics Analysis Paper Logitechs Global Distribution and Logistics Analysis Paper Chapter 1. Company Introduction Logitech is a world leader in personal peripherals, driving innovation in PC navigation, Internet communications, digital music, home-entertainment control, gaming and wireless devices (PriceGrabber. com 2007). The companys products combine essential core technologies, continuing innovation, award-winning industrial design and excellent price performance. Logitech International is a Swiss public company traded on the SWX Swiss Exchange under the symbol LOGN and on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol LOGI. In January 2007, Logitech was added to the NASDAQ-100 Index ® (Logitech 2008). Logitechs origins lie in the OEM sector, which remains an important part of its business, and represented 11. 6 percent of the companys total sales in Fiscal 2006 (PriceGrabber. com 2007). To meet the demands of its OEM customer base, which includes most of the worlds largest PC manufacturers, Logitech offers high-volume manufacturing with focused quality control, worldwide distribution and logistics, and the ability to leverage its infrastructure under changing demand conditions. Logitech continues to broaden its product offering and its presence in the retail sector. This is fueled by a trend among consumers to enhance their basic PC systems with more fully featured personal peripherals that add functionality and cordless freedom to their desktops. They are also purchasing supplementary devices designed for new applications and specific purposes such as gaming, multimedia, or audio and visual communication over the Internet. Further, Logitechs retail business includes personal peripherals for platforms beyond the PC, such as gaming consoles, portable music players, mobile phones and home-entertainment systems. Today, Logitechs retail business accounts for 88. 4 percent of its revenue (Logitech 2008). To provide the market with a broadening array of best-of-category products, Logitechs business model calls for supplementing its internal engineering and manufacturing strength with additional products and technologies through a combination of strategic acquisitions and industry partnerships (PriceGrabber. com 2007). Chapter 2. Supply Chain Logitech is sensitive to the trend in IT industry. Customers are always long for updating their PCs accessories and purchasing stylish and personalized IT products. By this reason, Logitech has put a lots effort in fastening the launch of new products to the market to satisfy the needs and trends. Nevertheless, a well-operating supply chain is the conjunction to the successful achievement. The success of Logitech is to convert a simple and single-product supply chain into a complex and multi-product supply chain under harmlessness to its sales and to fasten the product delivery. However, behind this steady the deployment of its sources efficiently is the key, and Logitech has still insisted this merit. The development of Logitech starts from a simple and inelastic supply chain. In the beginning of ‘80s, Logitech started running the mouse-manufacturing business. The operation was running excellently with a simple supply chain. The single-product supply chain was supported by its manufactory in Suzhou, China and served the worldwide market. Although it was not efficient, it was enough for Logitech to cope with orders. Nowadays a simple supply chain can’t meet the requirements of Logitech anymore which has developed more and more product lines and has become a multi-product company. In 2005 Logitech have 135 kinds of PCs peripheral products in the market. Except for manufacturing over 6 million mice in a year, Logitech has also produced numerous peripheral products. In this case, the management of the simple supply chain has been no longer realistic. A more elastic supply chain which is able to deal with the changes of demand and compete against the pressure from competitors is what Logitech needs. Therefore, Logitech addressed itself to build the high visibility of its supplier-web, production and transportation transaction. However, the change resulted in a plentiful harvest. In the 2005 annual report, it shows a +13% growth in net income which reached 1. 93 billion USD. In spite of the markup of fuel and raw materials, the gross profit margin improved from 32% to 34%. The sales volume and net income of 1st quarter in 2005 raised 26% and 19%. This record was the fastest growth among previous 3 years. An elastic supply chain The supply chain of Logitech In the past, Logitech completed all the manufacturing process internally. However , in order to deal with the expansion of the transaction, Logitech started to outsource its manufacturing business, for instance, the acquisition of Labtec in 2001(Logitech 2008) whose products are mostly produced by ODM is one of them. Presently Logitech has maintained its 50% manufacturing business by it own and has outsourced other 50% to ODM. The emergence of ODM seems to prolong the supply chain. However, it didn’t reduce the performance of the supply chain. Conversely, it helped Logitech expanding its business to many new markets. In order to build a more elastic supply chain, the first step for Logitech is to fasten the reaction of the Suzhou manufactory to the orders. Logitech has founded 6 technology centers in worldwide which locate in Switzerland, U. S. , Canada, Taiwan, and Suzhou, China. By absorbing the technology forte of each country, the worldwide technology synergy worked very well. However, operating the connection between worldwide technology and the Suzhou basement harmoniously and delivering the products to the points of sale in the world efficiently is a complicated work. Consequently Logitech decided to adopt a diversified supply chain strategy. There are 3 different kinds of consignment patterns: For some heavier products (Ex. amplifiers) they have their own consignment patterns through sea and land transportation. Normal products (Ex. ice) are mainly delivered through sea and land transportation. As to some high-quality products, delivering through air freight is mainly used. Also, all the bulk parts delivered to distribution centers through air/sea freight are assembled locally. Further, to achieve the goal fastening the reaction of the Suzhou manufactory to the orders, Logitech invested a new plant in the Suzhou New District. Compare to the old one, it is bigger, and the arrangement of the product lines is more reasonable. The construction of the new plant is double-decked. Goods are produced in the upper side and stored in the under side. With this construction, raw materials can be delivered to the right place in a shortest distance. Furthermore, Logitech has used a hybrid manufacturing model to increase flexibility, with high-volume products manufactured using a traditional production line, and lower-volume products manufactured in a cell-line by a core team of specialized staff. Logitech also uses a just-in-time system for components, so approximately 60 percent of all components are delivered on a daily basis. To cooperate with this new system, Logitech applied for a Free Trade Zone in the Suzhou New District. The purpose is obviously to enable the suppliers to be closer their product lines. Logitech continues to add whole new categories to their product portfolio and to expand their sales channels, increasing their product demand. Their entire supply chain, from manufacturing in China to distribution in more than 100 countries worldwide, has provided Logitech with a significant competitive advantage. Chapter 3. Suppliers In the cooperation with suppliers, speed –up delivering lowers the pressure of storage. In Suzhou, the superior environmental factor increases the competitive advantage of Logitech largely. With the rapid expansion in the market, Logitech realized that managing the plans of each area centralizedly is getting important. In the past, the data of information and volume-delivery forecasting took long time to collect and couldn’t be updated immediately. Also, due to the seasonal fluctuation of market price, suppliers are hard to progress the forecasting works. However, under the new mechanism, managers of each area and sales teams monitored the actual sales situation together and progressed the forecasting work according to the feedback. The up-to-date forecast would be reported to global supply chain department and shared the data with suppliers. After receiving the forecast, central procurement department would place orders for all areas. By doing so, Logitech not only shared the latest data with suppliers but also benefit by the bulk purchasing. Furthermore, the on-line sharing movement with suppliers and ODM enabled Logitech’s partners to react from changes immediately. Nevertheless, sharing data by internet isn’t an innovation anymore. The key of success is building a â€Å"Sales and Operation Planning Procedure† and providing the visibility of data by cooperating with suppliers. There are many requirements asked within the contracts from Logitech to suppliers. For example, in most contracts it claims that â€Å"Sharing the obligation together†. When supply and demand changes, it is important to clear the obligation up. After improving this weakness, the formulation of supply and demand becomes 75% faster than before. The reflection to customers is also enhanced. In 2006, selling mice in supermarket is one of the developed trends. This movement was decided by consumer behavior. From the consumer behavior aspect, convenience and easy to reach become main reasons for consumers to purchase the IT products. Selling channels is diversified. Besides hypermarkets, Logitech set up direct stores to display and sell products. Chapter 4. Logistics strategy The OEM, Logitech mice and web cameras are produced in Suzhou, China and sold in U. S. Joy sticks are produced by ODM and sold in Europe. In NorthAmerica and Europe, Logitech set up regional logistics centers in Memphis and Amsterdam. Doing most of its manufacturing in China, Logitech uses a variety of solutions to handle its logistics needs. They serve customers worldwide in U. S. , Latin America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Oceania. Vision into its network comes from an Oracle system under which Logitech runs. For improving customers’ satisfaction further, Logitech has adopted Just-in-time system. The requirement of this ability is to rebuild the information system between Logitech and logistics companies in order to clear off the obstacles of the speed-up. However, adopting Just-in-time system didn’t sacrifice the profit. Presently, the turnover rate of the stocks yearly reaches 5-6 times, more than previous record 3 times. This achievement was reached from the optimization of the logistics link. First, Logitech evaluated its transportation system. Consider saving the cost, Logitech delivered its products from China across globe through sea transportation which ships merely start from Hong Kong. In the past, the shipping contracts between Logitech and shipping companies were signed as long-term corporations. From 2003 Logitech signed and negotiated its shipping contracts with regional shipping companies annually. Through the regularly negotiations, Logitech can assure its encasement cost in advance. When facing the fluctuation of global oil price, Logitech can still hold a stable transportation cost. Also, because that Logitech has huge amount of products need to be delivered across globe every year, they always can bargain and get most favorable price from logistics companies. Besides, Logitech delivered some parts to the sales areas in advance and put the last assembling work of some particular products, for example, web camera at the sales areas. These doings have enhanced the flexibility of the supply chain. Due to the improved efficiency of the transportation system, it is not necessary for Logitech to set up manufactories in some high-cost areas, like North America and Europe. Although having considered setting up manufactories in Mexico and Hungary because of the lower transportation cost, Logitech found considering from the aspect of total cost, the manufacturing cost in China is still half of those countries. From the chart below, a Logitech mouse is sold at $40 in U. S. 8% (20%) was taken by Logitech as corporate costs and profit. Global distributors and retailers take $15 (37. %), and, suppliers take $14 (35%). The rest $3 (7. 5%) is belong to China. This $3 includes salary, power, transportation, and management costs (JRJ. com 2008) A ELEMENTS OF THE VALUE CHAIN B COSTS IN VALUE CHAIN AB Assembly in China$3 Parts from suppliers for China$14 Corporate costs + profit$8 Global distributors and retailers$15 Total costs$40 Percentage of retail 100% In Tennnesse, America, Hungary, an d the Netherlands, Logitech has also owned warehousing business. In Hungary, Flextronics and DHL have been employed and taken charge of final assembling and managing warehouses. The agreements that Logitech and these logistics companies made have been re-signed through inviting tenders quarterly. Therefore, these logistics partners would provide the best service to keep this business relationship. However, the managers of warehousing business are assigned by Logitech. This method bases on two considerations: First, it costs too much to outsource logistics suppliers, like UPS or DHL to progress everything. Second, with its own professional experiences Logitech can also reduce the cost of total warehousing management. Further, Logitech sell products on-line by E-Commerce Catalogers and have an OEM channel as well (Logitech 2008). The underlying platform supporting Logitech’s channel and supply chain work is a forecasting solution from Click Commerce Inc. Their sales people do a bottom-up forecast, so Logitech can command the detail and holistic information. Among other benefits, channel forecasting allows Logitech to tie its sales demand to supply chain activities in order to shrink inventory (Technology 2003). In order to occupy Chinese market, Logitech has created more and more hannels gradually. In 2007, Zarva and Logitech built a cooperative relationship. Zarva became the whole authorized distributor in China. The content of the cooperation is simple. Logitech expects to spread, market and sell Logitech’s products through national distribution coverage. In the same time, Logitech’s original authorized distributors, like China Digi have superior channel coverages. Therefor e, other mouse manufacturers are hard to compete with Logitech in China (ciw. com 2007). Chapter 5. SWOT Analysis Logitech has just seen its 30th consecutive quarter of double digit growth. This growth, however, could be stunted by increasing competition from Microsoft, its biggest competitor in the mice and keyboards market. StrengthsWeaknesses Strong financial performance High returns Manufacturing capabilities Strong research and developmentDeclining operating margins Dependence on retail segment OpportunitiesThreats Non-PC platforms Growth of computer industry Emerging markets Growing Indian console marketsCompetition from Microsoft Low barrier for entry into core market Counterfeit goods Short product life cycles (More detail information is put in appendix. Chapter 6. Conclusion and recommendations Logitech manages a complicated supply chain with a expanding product lines. For them, here are some recommendations. 1. Make the supply chain more flexible; in order to assure it can expand with the increase of the product lines. In some cases, this would involve the balance between internal manufacturing and outsourcing. 2. Draw the base of the stock turnover period by comparing other companies who have same mode of operating business manufacture products at some particular areas and sell to the whole world. 3. Centralize the management of information forecasting and procurement to harvest from batch discount and simplify the purchasing procedure. By doing this better demand formulation and storage reinforcement plan could be formed. Also, it can diminish storage and reduce the ambiguous issue of responsibilities. 4. Go shares the responsibility with the suppliers; do NOT absorb all the logistics costs alone, as well as do NOT fall into the trap of long-term contracts. Long-term contract would hold you back on choosing lower-cost substitute projects. Shipping agreements should be negotiated every one year. 5. Although costs can be saved by product design and product package, product design should follow the collocation of the supply chain to enable them easier to be packaged and transported. This issue always ignored by most of the companies. 6. Keep updating the information system and evaluate it frequently. It would assure the IT system will not become the obstacle to grow. Chapter 7. References PriceGrabber. com 2007 LOGITECH NOISE CANCELING HEADPHONES [online], tweaknews. net/reviews/logitech_noise_canceling_headphones/ [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008] Logitech International SA 2008 [online] http://ir. ogitech. com/releasedetail. cfm? ReleaseID=174502 [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008] Datamonitor 2007 [online] http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=1=109=3a191d7a-7e0d-4d0b-ba85-2483ea127fc1%40sessionmgr104 [Assessed in APR. 09 2008] JRJ. com 2006 [online] http://finance. jrj. com/news/2006-12-05/000001829203. html [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008] Ciw. com 2007 [online] ciw. com. cn/ciwepaper/qudao/ 20071105101319. shtml [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008] Technology 2003 [online] http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? vid=1=108=6644df7a-bfd5-4115-858f-8582b47fc1e7%40sessionmgr109 [Assessed in Apr. 09 2008]

Nicholas Copernicus †Founder of Astronomy Essay

Nicholas Copernicus – Founder of Astronomy Essay Free Online Research Papers Nicholas Copernicus Founder of Astronomy Essay Nicholas Copernicus is considered to be the founder of modern astronomy. He was born in Poland in 1473. After his childhood dreams of astronomy, he was sent off to Krakow University to study mathematics and optics. Later, returning from studying religious law in Italy, Copernicus, through the influence of his uncle, was appointed cannon in the Cathedral of Frauenberg. In the next few years, Copernicus continued his studies of astronomy alone in his church. He made most of his observations from a turret situated on a protective wall around the cathedral. In 1530, after more than thirty years of intense study, Copernicus completed his great work, â€Å"De Revolutionibus†, which presented the theory that the earth rotated on its axis and made one complete revolution daily, and, at the same time, traveled around the sun once yearly. This was a fantastic concept for the sixteenth century! All great thinkers of that age believed that the earth was the center of the universe, and heavenly bodies revolved around our planet. Copernicus died in 1543, His life had been a sheltered and academic one. He never knew what controversy his work had caused. The church argued that man was next to God and was therefore superior to any other thing. But Copernicus forever changed the place of man in the universe. Man, according to this great scientist, was just a part of nature and should take his place among other living things, not dominate them. Research Papers on Nicholas Copernicus - Founder of Astronomy EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Spring and AutumnMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

How to Calculate Gross Tonnage of a Ship

How to Calculate Gross Tonnage of a Ship The term gross tonnage refers to the internal volume of a water-going vessel, and is normally used as a means for categorizing commercial vessels, especially those used for shipping. This volume measured includes all areas of the ship, from keel to funnel and from bow to stern. In modern usage, the measurement deducts the crew spaces and other parts of the ship that cannot hold cargo. Since 1969, gross tonnage has been the principal means by which a  commercial ship is defined. The gross tonnage measurement has a number of legal and administrative uses. It is used to determine regulations, safety rules, registration fees, and port charges for the vessel.   Calculating Gross Tonnage Calculating the gross tonnage of a ship is a somewhat complicated procedure, due to the fact that most ships have an asymmetrical shape that makes calculating volume difficult. There are many ways to make this calculation, depending on the level of precision required and the agency requiring the measurement. Different formulas are used depending on the shape of the vessel, and even the types of waters on which the ship sails. A simplified set of gross tonnage formulas is set forth by the U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Center, which are based on three measurements: Length (L), breadth (D), and depth (D). Under this system, the means of estimating gross tonnage is as follows:   For a boat with a simple sailing hull, gross tonnage (GT) (.5 * L * B * D) / 100For a sailing boat with keel, GT   (.375 * L * B * D) / 100For freighters with angled or cylindrical hulls, GT   (.67 * L * B * D) / 100For ships with square barge-shaped hulls, GT   (.84 * L * B * D) / 100 The  International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships  sets forth another, more precise formula for calculating gross tonnage of a vessel, which says GT   K  *  V. Here, K .2 .02 * log10(V), and V interior volume of a vessel in cubic meters (m3). History of Gross Tonnage as a Measurement Standard Since most commercial ships were originally involved with the transport of goods, otherwise known as cartage,  ships at first were rated and valued on the maximum amount of cargo that could be stuffed into every nook inside a ship. On long sailing voyages, after selling their loads of cookware, tools, machinery and other products, private traders often bought bundles of lumber, spices, cloth, and decorative goods to sell upon return to home port. Every space was stuffed full to maximize profit on both legs of the voyage, and thus each boats value depended on just how much open space was available in the vessel. One of the few exempt spaces in these early calculations of a ships volume was the bilge area, where ballast was held. In early shops, no cargo could be stored here without damage since in these wooden ships the bilges were wet. Ballast stones were used on sailing ships that were leaving with a light load and returning with a heavy cargo. This might be the case when transporting a finished metal such as copper to a port where raw copper ore was loaded for the trip back to England for refining. As the lighter load was unloaded and the heavier load brought aboard, the bilge stones were removed to compensate for the extra weight. Today, piles of these foreign stones, roughly the size of bowling balls, can be found underwater near historic ports all over the world. Eventually, with the availability of mechanical pumps,  water as ballast  became the norm,  since it was much more efficient to simply pump water in and out of the bilge to adjust the ships weight rather than use stones or other forms of weight.   Ã‚   The term  tonnage originally  came into usage as a means for referring to the physical space occupied by 100 cubic feet of ballast  water, an amount of water that was the equivalent of about 2.8 tons. This can be confusing since a ton is usually thought of as a measurement of weight, not volume. In the context of maritime shipping, however, the term tonnage refers to the volume of space available to hold cargo.

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing plan - Essay Example Thailand workers used the drink for staying awake during their shifts. The drink was known as Krating Daeng translated to ‘Red Bull.’ He contacted the manufacturers of the drink and bought the foreign licensing rights in exchange of 51% share in his company. When Mateschitz launched the drink in Austria, he did not target factory workers; his target market was young professionals as he would be able to promote a premium and trendy marketing campaign. Product Portfolio Initially, only the regular version of Red Bull energy drink was launched. However, several other variants with different specific features were launched with time: Red Bull Energy Drink – The drink is available in 3 size variations, with 16oz, 12oz, and 8oz. It has been designed for those people who have clear and focused mind and want to perform physically well. Red Bull Sugar free – This drink is a variant of the Red Bull energy drink but it is without sugar and hence, contains only 3 calor ies per 100ml. It has the same features as the Red Bull energy drink. Red Bull Cola – This is a relatively new addition to the Red Bull product line. It is claimed to 100% without chemicals consisting of only natural products with all natural taste. Red Bull Energy Shot – A very recent addition to the product portfolio, Red Bull energy shots is concentrated Red Bull Energy drink without carbonation and no requirement of chilling. It comes in small size of 60ml and consists of 27 calories. However, the concentrated 60ml have the ability of providing the same energy as a regular Red Bull can. (Red Bull Energy Drink, n.d.) Strategic position & situation analysis Market Performance & Positioning As mentioned earlier, Red Bull was first introduced in Austria in 1987. It later ventured into foreign markets with the first venture being in Hungary in 1992. The drink is now available in 120 countries with more than 2 billion sales annually acquiring the position of worldâ€℠¢s number one energy drink. The brand has acquired the top position among 15 other brands of energy drinks that are subsidiaries of different beverage or other companies (BevNet.com staff, 2009). The brand was promoted with a unique and creative style of advertising. The slogan was ‘Red Bull gives you wings’ that not only creates an image in the consumer minds but also suggests physical properties and benefits. Red Bull has been supported with a unique and creative style of advertising. The slogan â€Å"Red Bull gives you wings† strongly suggests the brand’s physical properties and benefits. Red Bull is sold as an energy drink and is designed to combat mental and physical fatigue. It is the combination of ingredients interacting with each other that provides the energy-building benefit. Red Bull operates within the energy drinks sector of the soft drinks market. The product is an example of a 'functional' drink. Functional foods respond to consumer interes t in well-being and performance. The major multinational soft drinks companies are investing in the area of functional drinks, developing their own brands and buying up existing ones. This is seen as being important, given that their traditional soft drinks markets are at the maturity stage in many countries. For these multinationals, new functional drinks offer opportunities for renewed business growth. Positioning The reason why Red Bull was able to accomplish such a huge market share in such little

Micro26isa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Micro26isa - Essay Example In this respect, the firms only have the option of working with the prevailing price or lower. This constitutes what taking price is. There are various assumptions that compel the firms in this market to take prices. Sellers and buyers are many and any action towards increasing prices will only worsen sales through migration of buyers. Products are homogeneous and change of price will only divert buyers to get the same products from other firms selling at the prevailing or lower prices. These assumptions play a significant role in pushing firms to take the market prices or fail. Some of the industries with such assumptions include clothing and textile, Cosmetics, electrical and electronics industry among others. Some industries like medicine and drugs, energy among others cannot accommodate these assumptions hence exhibit other market structures. 2. Shut-down Point for a Firm (20 points) When will the competitive firm shut down in the short run? When will it incur a loss but continue to produce? Draw a graph showing each scenario and explain. It is important to note that shut down point is the level of output and price where the firm can just cover its total variable cost. Some of the key issues to consider in determining this point include; relative position of the average variable cost which is always at its minimum for this condition. Where the marginal cost curve crosses the average variable cost curve also sums up to shut down of the firm. At this point, the producer is indifferent between producing and temporarily shutting down. The firm incurs a loss from either action. In the event that market prices fall below the firm’s average variable cost, temporary shutdown is preferable in the short run. In case the firm continues to produce, losses from its operation merely add to losses that results from the firm’s fixed costs and shut down will lead to slump in losses. Figure 1 : Shut down when P < AVC ATC Price MC AVC P = MR Quantity A price tak ing firm that intends to remain operational will minimize losses or maximize profit if it will be able to produce the output level at the point where P = MC and variable costs are also covered. In this case, the portion of the firm’s short run marginal cost curve which lies above its average variable cost becomes the short-run curve of the firm. Figure 2: retrieved on May 13, 2013 from: http://www.analystnotes.com/notes/subject.php?id=119 Considering the grahp above, in case the price is below P1, the firm should shut down its operation. Long-Run Cost Curve, Economies of Scale, and Firm Size (15 points, 5 points each) A. Explain how economies of scale and the long-run cost curve influence firm size and firm concentration. The theoretical presentation starts with the short-run and shows the average cost curves (Total, fixed and variable) along with the marginal cost. The curves are presented in Figure 1 MC ATC cost in $ AVC AFC Quantity Figure 1. Short-run unit cost curves: ma rginal cost (MC), average total cost (ATC), average variable cost (AVC) and average fixed cost (AFC). The short-run cost curves are normally based on a production function with one variable factor of production that displays first increasing and then decreasing marginal productivity. Increasing marginal productivity is associated with the negatively sloped portion of the marginal cost curve, while decreasing marginal productivity is associated with the positively sloped port

El-Con Construction Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

El-Con Construction Inc - Case Study Example Rob Lister, the CEO of Oakville Hydo though that El-Con was qualified for the loan based on its recent performance though he did not know if granting the loan was in the best interest of Oakville Hydro company. Based on the company previous performance, there are several ways in which it could maximize and optimize its shareholders wealth. It is therefore recommendable for El-Con to seek different ways of maximizing the shareholders wealth before settling on the best. The best ways or strategies to optimize owners wealth is by ensuring continuous cash flow in the company. Different scenarios on which the firm can optimize its shareholders wealth will be discussed. The different scenarios for considerations include initial public offering and investing its excess funds to maximize profit, obtain a loan to obtain the required funds-Building credit and Shareholder wealth. 1. Initial public offering and investing its excess funds to maximize profit The company should hold initial public offerings and sell them as common stock to the public. Based on the previous performance, the company can thrive well without the common stock but should go for it in order to obtain enough funds to tend to all of its constructions needs. The use of initial public offering will help in profit maximization. Initial public offering will help the company to expand its investments as it will provide the company with enough liquidity. Liquidity ratios 2009 2008 2007 Current ratio 2.8 2.73 3.38 Acid test 2.31 1.72 1.75 Working capital 2.8 2.7 3.4 The current ratio and acid test of the company for the three years was more than 1 which means that the company was in a better position to cater for its liabilities and obligations using its assets. Working capital measures the efficiency of as well as its short term financial health. The ratio determines whether the company has enough short term assets to cover its short term debts. The working capital ratio for the company for the three years is more than 2 which means that the company was not investing in its excess assets and its lack of enough funds can be attributed to that. This means that the company is in a better financial position since its assets outweighs the liabilities and should invest its excess assets to earn income. The company should choose to invest in mutual funds, real property or even insurance products. This will earn the company interest. Investing the excess assets will be a good way for maximizing income by the company which would then earn the company enough capital for the required machinery. Using initial public offering and investing its excess funds will be of help to El-Con as it will help the company to acquire the required liquidity for it to acquire the required machines. The required amount of $450,000 for hydrovac truck and $50,000 to cover its working capital needs is a small amount for the company judging from the past performance and could therefore be acquired by initial public of fering and investing in excess assets. 2. Obtain a loan to obtain the required funds-Building credit Obtaining a loan like the loan request from Oakville Hydro could another good way of maximizing the shareholders wealth. Building credit is a deliberate and a planned borrowing which is aimed at increasing the reputation of a firm in the lending market and granting it a larger access to large sums of capital. This greater access of money helps the company in financing stronger expansion and allows it to generate real wealth. The working capital of El-Con for the three years indicates that the current assets are more than the current liabilities which means that it does not have any problems paying for its obligations. As a result, building credit by borrowing

Description of the Instructional Design Process Essay

Description of the Instructional Design Process - Essay Example Description of the Instructional Design Process Since both of us are from Saudi Arabia, our native language is Arabic. As such, we planned to teach the subject entitled "Arabic Alphabet", which we believe would be an interesting and illuminating learning area since the class is composed of different students from diverse cultural orientations: 50% American's and 50% foreign students. All are graduate students; as such the knowledge level considers the type of information that should be presented; the materials to be used; as well as the style and level of language to be applied. The relevant framework of the instructional design was presented by Dean (2002) through the presented diagram which itemized four needs assessment: (1) the skills of the educator/s; (2) the development of content knowledge; (3) the needs of the audience or the adult learners; and (4) the learning contexts (p. 3). To apply the model to the current project, the following information are noted and to be expounded in subsequent sections. Skills of Educators: T here is a manifested above average to exemplary skills and competencies in the command and proficiency of the Arabic language; as well as translating and teaching basic theoretical frameworks of the Arabic language to English, which is the second language of both educators. Detailed educational background, work experiences, as well as skills and competencies are discussed below.As the educators, both come from Saudi Arabia, where Arabic is the native language. ... Content Knowledge: Exemplary since Arabic is the native language to both educators. Needs of the Audience: Since 50% are Americans and 50% are foreign students, the subject promises to be an interesting and illuminating learning experience for all. The composition of gender and cultural/racial orientation of learners are detailed under learner needs and characteristics below. Learning Context: The instructional project is to be presented in the assigned classroom: 124 Davis Hall, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; which is the most appropriate and convenient setting to comply with the course requirement. Assessing and Developing the Adult Educators’ Skills As the educators, both come from Saudi Arabia, where Arabic is the native language. Ahmed Alzahrani has a Bachelor of Arts Degree in English from Jeddah Teachers' College in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. She taught English for three (3) years in middle school. She has been in the United States pursuing her master’s degree le vel majoring in the MATESOL Program. On the other hand, Naif Alsayyali, is also an English language teacher. He taught in Middle School, the public school system in Altaif, Saudi Arabia. He has been teaching for nine years. From the educational background and work experience, it could be deemed that both educators are highly skilled and exemplary in the subject area, â€Å"Arabic Alphabet†. Not only do we possess excellent competencies in this topic; but likewise, as English language teachers, we are adept at translating the native language into English, as the secondary language, and an area of evident proficiency. Developing Content Knowledge As disclosed by Dean (2002), there are three essential components of content

The impact of the economic crisis in the Saudi economy Dissertation

The impact of the economic crisis in the Saudi economy - Dissertation Example The project deals with the impact of economic crisis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is a key player in the scenario of international trade, imports and exports. The effect of the economic crisis in Saudi Arabia has been compared with the impacts on the leading economies of the world which provides a comprehensive picture of the global effects of the economic crisis. Introduction Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy and is ruled by King Abdallah Bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud who promises of greater political participation and has been able to win the confidence of majority of the Sunni population. The economy of Saudi Arabia is based on its rich amount of oil reserves. Oil is the main resource of the economy. The country possesses around 18% of the proven reserves of petroleum in the world. Saudi Arabia is also the leading exporter of petroleum in the world. Saudi Arabia because of its rich reserves of petroleum plays the leading role in the Organisation for Oil Exporting countries. . The OPE C was created in order to ensure a steady income of the members of the organisation and also to secure the supply of oil to the consumer states all over the world. The economy of Saudi Arabia was initially dependent on agricultural with the work of agriculture one by the nomadic people who lived in the country. The discovery of oil in the country occurred in 1930 from where the kingdom of Saudi Arabia started to gain comparative advantage over the other countries in the world. According to World Bank, Saudi Arabia’s economy has been referred to as the strongest economy among the Arab nations. Thus the economy of Saudi Arabia underwent a transition from an agriculture based economy prior to 1930 to an industrial economy after the discovery of oil in 1930. The GDP grew at rapid rates due to availability of huge proven reserves of petroleum and gaining comparative advantage which led to rise in exports. The country’s foreign exchange reserves grew enormously giving a scop e for developments of infrastructure for industries in the kingdom. As a result of the recent economic crisis all over the world and reduction in GDP per capita of Saudi Arabia, the government has undertaken policy reforms of diversification of the economy, strengthening the regulatory framework and the legal system and allowing foreign investments in order provide employments opportunities to the swelling population and also to sustain their economic growth rates. The impacts of the economic crisis in the economy of Saudi Arabia lay its roots in the recession that occurred in US and subsequently spread to major economies like UK and other parts of the world thereby transforming into a global financial meltdown. The international economic scenario underwent radical changes with recession in the economy of US and its subsequent effects on the economies all over the world. This created major impacts in the economies of the world including that of western economies like, European natio ns, East Asia and partly in South Asia. The financial crisis which emerged in the year 2007 started with a bubble in 2002 in the housing

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Film analysis - Essay Example The scenario is perhaps, one of the serious but not so intimate moments that Helen and Glenn have in the entire film, but it can be considered as one that is normal to take place between the two individuals who are inclined to feel something special for each other. The scenario illustrates the common characteristics of men and women that are often portrayed not just in the movie film, but in reality. The society accepts the point that women are more likely to respond to emotions or their feelings compared to men. Men on the other hand, are viewed to be straightforward, and at some point should establish a remarkable characteristic as someone who is firm enough. When Glenn and Helen talked in the park, the gender issue is substantially showcased. Helen is depicted as the one who relies not only on a hunch, but primarily on both of her feeling or emotion and logic. She tries to establish a remarkable point of understanding things, from the innermost part of one’s being prior down to the external point in order to create the achievement of a successful life management. This is a little bit deeper to understand, but what exactly is important to know here is the thought of how woman might essentially expressed herself in order to receive recognition or a moment of consideration. Helen might therefore not too emotional in this scenario, but she illustrates the importance of feeling and emotion in the decision-making process, as integral components for self-expression. She has substantially shown how important it is to completely rely on the innermost part of an individual in order to make things clearer to the outside world. In other word s, Helen remarkably points the idea of how important it is for a woman to substantially elaborate things, or make it much clear or obvious to understand. That is why it is apparent that Helen has uttered more words compared to the minimal lexes expressed by Glenn. One can captivate these

The impact of the economic crisis in the Saudi economy Dissertation

The impact of the economic crisis in the Saudi economy - Dissertation Example The project deals with the impact of economic crisis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is a key player in the scenario of international trade, imports and exports. The effect of the economic crisis in Saudi Arabia has been compared with the impacts on the leading economies of the world which provides a comprehensive picture of the global effects of the economic crisis. Introduction Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy and is ruled by King Abdallah Bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud who promises of greater political participation and has been able to win the confidence of majority of the Sunni population. The economy of Saudi Arabia is based on its rich amount of oil reserves. Oil is the main resource of the economy. The country possesses around 18% of the proven reserves of petroleum in the world. Saudi Arabia is also the leading exporter of petroleum in the world. Saudi Arabia because of its rich reserves of petroleum plays the leading role in the Organisation for Oil Exporting countries. . The OPE C was created in order to ensure a steady income of the members of the organisation and also to secure the supply of oil to the consumer states all over the world. The economy of Saudi Arabia was initially dependent on agricultural with the work of agriculture one by the nomadic people who lived in the country. The discovery of oil in the country occurred in 1930 from where the kingdom of Saudi Arabia started to gain comparative advantage over the other countries in the world. According to World Bank, Saudi Arabia’s economy has been referred to as the strongest economy among the Arab nations. Thus the economy of Saudi Arabia underwent a transition from an agriculture based economy prior to 1930 to an industrial economy after the discovery of oil in 1930. The GDP grew at rapid rates due to availability of huge proven reserves of petroleum and gaining comparative advantage which led to rise in exports. The country’s foreign exchange reserves grew enormously giving a scop e for developments of infrastructure for industries in the kingdom. As a result of the recent economic crisis all over the world and reduction in GDP per capita of Saudi Arabia, the government has undertaken policy reforms of diversification of the economy, strengthening the regulatory framework and the legal system and allowing foreign investments in order provide employments opportunities to the swelling population and also to sustain their economic growth rates. The impacts of the economic crisis in the economy of Saudi Arabia lay its roots in the recession that occurred in US and subsequently spread to major economies like UK and other parts of the world thereby transforming into a global financial meltdown. The international economic scenario underwent radical changes with recession in the economy of US and its subsequent effects on the economies all over the world. This created major impacts in the economies of the world including that of western economies like, European natio ns, East Asia and partly in South Asia. The financial crisis which emerged in the year 2007 started with a bubble in 2002 in the housing

African American Population Essay Example for Free

African American Population Essay At the beginning of each decade in the United States a census is taken to determine the population (Gale, 2008). While the 2000 census states that the African American population makes up 13% of the American population. And predicts it will stay the same percentage until the year 2050. The African American population will reproduce and contribute to the world as other majority and minority groups. So why wouldnt this group grow as a population. African American Growth The African American population has been growing in America since they were involuntarily brought here. From 1492 to 1820 the African American population grew to 9. 5 million in the west alone (POPULATION, 2000). In 1900, there were 8. 8 million African Americans in the United States, representing 11. 6% of the total population. Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population percentage declined, reaching a low point in 1930 when the population was only 9. 7% of the United States population (Gale, 2008). Since 1930, the African American population has grown at a faster rate than national averages (POPULATION, 2000). Over four centuries the African American population has become less rural and concentrated than it was in the nineteenth century (POPULATION, 2000). African Americans do not have to endure slavery. The group has also gained the same rights as other minority and majority groups. The United States Department of Commerce The Department of Commerce expects growth in the Black population. The United States Department of Commerce expects the Black population to make up 16 percent on the American population, by the year 2050 (Black Collegian, 2002). The Department Economic and Statistic Administration will examine effect of the 2010 census and the black population. The Administration will concentrate on the finances of the Black population and any other new aspects to review. The census Bureau The 2000 census states that the African American population makes up 13 percent of the American population (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000). The census also predicts that the African American population will continue to make up only 13 percent in the year 2050 (Census, 2000). The Almanac suggests that African American are ranking lower than any other group in all categories. The almanac reference income gaps between African Americans and other races. The Black, American Indian and Alaskan Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populations are expected to maintain their shares of the population in all series (U. S. Census Bureau, 2008 and 2009). A population that is having children and playing a major to the world as all other populations cannot stay the same for a period of 50 years. The encyclopedia of population stated that African American population growth increases much faster than statistics assume. The Department of Commerce predicts the African American population will rise to 16 percent in the year 2050. While the Census Bureau predicts that there will be no increase in the African American population in the year 2050 with out giving details of why this prediction is accurate. African American have endured a great struggle in America. They have over came many obstacles and they will overcome this one also. References POPULATION. (2000). In Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/galeus/populationSmith, M. (2001). Ed. ). (1993). Black Collegian. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. : . Retrieved March 31, 2010Year, from com220. Encyclopedia of population (Ed. ). (2003). African American population History. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. : . Retrieved March 26, 2010Year, from com220. Boyle, K. (2010). The Promise land: The making of African America. Retrived from New York Times book review. Table 1 Type the table text here in italics; start a new page for each table [Insert table here] Figure Captions Figure 1. Caption of figure [Figures – note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number].

Analysis of Human Resources at Solar Plant

Analysis of Human Resources at Solar Plant Introduction: The detailed analysis of training and development and talent management process is providing through human resources management in solar industries. According to this report is based on case study of solar industries at talent management. Planning and development should be proper implemented in the solar industries. The report includes how the training and development and talent management to be implement. However research found that to continuing competitive advantage people are the only real source. Prahalad and Hamel (1990) HRM is considered a logical approach to the management of an organisations most valued assets. (Armstrong 2007). The term personnel management has been replaced by human resource management and human resources. Armstrong, Michael (2006). The managers of an activity state their goals with HRMs techniques, the work force implicit and carry out the activity with its techniques which requires resources to accomplish their coursework successfully. The objective of HRM is to help an organisation, maintaining employees to congregate strategic goals and also to manage them effectively. The personnel administrators constant complaint is that they lack status. This proves their inability to make contribution and to make impact on their management associates. Their continuous worry is their inability to prove that they can make impact on their management associates. Drucker (1954) Thus, solar industry is getting more and more important day by day especially Solar Energy. And this is why solar industry developing rapidly in every part of world. So the Human Resource also becomes an important part to manage man-power, technology, research and development etc. Human Resource Management Theory: The objective of HRM is to help an organization, maintaining employees to congregate strategic goals. The key word here perhaps is fit that is to make sure that there is healthy relationship between the management of employees and on the whole strategic direction of the company. (Miller, 1989). However, there are many HR functions which are struggling these days to get the task of management and member of staff and they are unconsidered rather than intentionally practical partners for the top management. Further, in the solar industries HR have difficulty in proving that their activities and processes are accumulating value to the company. In modern times, HR scholars and professionals decided to develop models that can measure the value. HR. Smit, Martin E.J.H. (2006). Human Resource Strategy: The strategy of HRM is to implement the specific functions of HRM. Planning, organizing, training and development is the main function of the human resources. In order to correspond with the whole business strategy HRM needs to correlate various areas of HR. This strategy of HR is to be implement in the solar industries. HRM Activities in Solar Industry The three key HRM activities in solar industries are Recruitment of the best employees Development of Leadership Development of Management The main objective of Solar Industries is to identify and describe the broad range of policies, technical, financial, regulatory, and other market related factors that affect of renewable energy technologies. Firstly, recruiting the right employees with the right competencies at the right time had to fit in the solar industries as there is skills shortage at all levels in the organization. Secondly, HR manager has to develop a leadership training plan to manage their leadership skills to get experienced people in the industry. Finally, management development activity is to be fit in the solar industries to manage organization. Planning, organizing, leading and coordinating resources are the activities included in management. Thus, for the above reason recruiting the best employees, leadership development and management development are the three key activities that should be fit into overall corporate objective of the company. HRM Model in solar industries: 1) The Harvard Model The Harvard model of HRM had to deploy in the solar industries. To guide all managers in relations with employees soft version of HRM has to concentrates on the Harvard model. (Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Quin Mills and Walton, 1984). It focuses on employee commitment that is not control. (Wood, 1995) The model is useful to know the agreement, capability and effectiveness of cost for employees in the organization. Work system Employee influence Human resources flow Rewards For recruitment, and selection process human resource flows are used in the organization. They are used in the organization through placement, promotion, out of the organization as termination pay. To attract and to keep employees motivate the reward system is organized. Thus, employee influence is used to put controlled on authority and decision making. The jobs are defined and not based on particular tasks like classical approaches. The employee having high commitment led to better job performance is the advantage of this model. (Beardwell, Holden and Claydon, 2004). The selection policies were based on competence and it includes the element of suitability and flexibility. Thus, the right employees fit for the right jobs led to effectiveness. The main aim of reward system is to attract and motivate held performance appraisal but it is not a tool for evaluation. The Harvard model is praise in analytic aspect as an advantage by Pettigrew and Hendry (1990). However, on basis of resource this system is bad form labor point of view. There is an argument that soft aspect of HRM has conflict in the Harvard model regarding business focus of the organization and it changes the cost minimization and profit maximization. (Armstrong 1987, Legge, 1995) 2) The Michigan model The solar industries can also deploy the Michigan model because it includes hard version of HRM. (Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna, 1984) To managed employees like resources they use resources inexpensive and carefully to developed and exploited fully. The model includes HRM activities as follows. Selection Appraisal Rewards Development To obtain organizational performance this model includes selection, appraisal, development and rewards policies. The surrounding idea was ignored for its situational factors, stakeholder interests and the concept of strategic choice. (Cusworth and Franks, 1993) The model shows the internal and external factors in the policies of HR along with strategy of business. The market performance and organisational growth is an advantage of this model. It is useful in cost minimisation for employees which is inexpensive. However, market failures are the disadvantage of this model. It is due to ignorance of environments. Moreover, HRM planning certifies the future requirements of the organization that are minimal. Further, this model fails in range of group and internal conflict. (Chuang et al, 2004) Thus, it led to organizational performance failure. (Bagshaw,2004) According to this two model of HRM solar industries deploys because in the case study performance of the solar industries are not going well, work system, rewards and development growth, appraisal for example like shortage of skills(learning skill, training development skill etc) sort of experience and labour turn over levels are high. So according to this above two model of HRM are bring in action in the solar industries. Training and development: Training refers to efforts that help enhance employee skills for carrying out the present job. To do particular job the training is an act of increasing knowledge and skills Edwin B Flippo. Development is a permanent change in knowledge, skills, attitudes or behaviour that comes through experience. Training is must for every individual when he enters into the organization. Even though the candidate has experience he also should get training. Why because the organization culture, values and beliefs are different from one organization to other. Thats why the training program plays a key role in every organization. Training program followed by solar industries is formal assessment tools for recruiting, structured induction training. Solar industries have not developed an effective induction programmed. New employees employed at solar industry get off to a bad start and they do not understand the organization itself or their role in it. Hence, this has lead to employment turnover which is high-18% for managers, 17% for engineers, 20% for sales and marketing and 15% elsewhere. As a result, it is increasingly difficult to find good replacements, and also lowering of morale for the remaining staff. In solar industries HR planning and development methods are high involvement practices, integrated HR practices and reward approach but in spite of all this, things are clearly not going too well, so for this they need to view plans as adaptable. A solar industry requires more attention to planning. It is both possible and desirable to plan for uncertainty. The emphasis in HR planning will be on maximum future flexibility. The objectives of HRP play a useful role in the management of organization: recruitment, training and development, staff costing, redundancy, collective bargaining and accommodation. Recommendations: Firstly, I recommend that board of directors of solar industries could improve its strategy towards training and development of its management staff by using formal induction course. It will save inductors and managers time by dealing with a group than dealing with individuals. It ensures that all new recruits are given a positive message and consistent information. It can employ a range of communication techniques including: group discussion and projects, presentation, visits and guided tours, off-site training sessions, involvement with suppliers, customers and contractors. It enables new recruits to socialize with each other and build cross-functional relationships. This process of training and development is easy to arrange. Secondly, try to avoid by providing too much and too soon to the inductee. This will make the procedure simple and relevant. It will be suitable for everyone in the industry and for their roles within the organization. By this way the process should be shared. Moreover, induction programmed will generate unreasonable expectations. Finally, I recommend that according to effective induction training and development programme and proper HR planning solar industries improved its strategy towards training and development of its management staff. According to effective induction training and development is done by formal and informal course. Thus, industry needed proper learning skill, training plan and developing strategy in the industries management staff in corporate world. Talent Management: Talent management is a position of employees with business priorities to deliver greater performance and results. As agencies strive to meet strategic goals, they must ensure that they have a continuous process for recruiting, training, managing, supporting, and compensating their employees. Emerging technologies are changing the employee competencies needed in organization. There is need of improvement in solar industries in areas of planning, growth and development, management skill by talent management system. The specialized products of the solar industries are electronics. Talent management provides solution to provide better services to organisations like solar industries. The solar industries should make strategy of talent management that give advice to various areas of industries. The process of talent management helps solar industries to recruit, deploy, develop and retained employees in the organization. Solar industries should focus not only on recruiting and retaining talent, but also focus on talent savvy organization support their employees on issues they care about most. Industry has to focus on strategic recruitment in the organization because there are shortage of skill employees at all the levels. They have to deploy about matching the correct employee to a critical job or project. The organization must focus on their critical talent to achieve strategic objective by ensuring their skills, interest, and capabilities. It creates successful work force in the industry to develop a public reputation for being a great place for work, which fosters loyalty among current employees. The employees will be more interested in working for a company that gives importance to its employees and give them opportunities for continued success. Talent management is necessary in the solar industries to retain employees, new skilled workers to be recruited. The war for talent is the process of attracting and retaining employees between firms. (Article in 1998 David Wilkins of soft scope) In solar industries it is necessary to implement talent management system to work into the business strategy. The company has to implement talent employees in the solar industries. It should be implemented at all the levels of the organization in the industries to attract and retain employees. The talent management is not same in different organisation. From talent management stand point, employee evaluations has fear of two major of measurement performance and potential. The talent management is necessary to be practiced in the solar industries and must practiced consistently; Performance management Leadership development, Work force planning (identifying talent gaps), Recruiting. The employees in the solar industries should be talented and talent market should be implemented. It is useful for industries and the most productive employee can select the projects and assignments that are most perfect for particular employee. Talent management is kind of human capital management based on human resources management field that make work easy in the organization where the situation is critical. To manage employee talent in the industries they have to develop effective plans and to implement it in the company. Their responsibility is to develop skills in all the areas of management for this they have to develop new business strategy. Recommendations: To improve the organizational performance of the solar industries, I recommend that they should allocate talent management in their industries. Firstly, solar industry needs workforce diagnostic capabilities that enable more effective strategic decision making across all components of workforce planning. For example solar industry has high percentage of employees labour turnover at all levels would be an indicator that requires attention of senior management. Secondly, a solar industry has experienced expansive growth from around the globe location play an increasingly important role. The ability to find individuals with particular knowledge and bring them together in a virtual environment can make it easier for employees to share good practices. Thirdly, industries have to develop proper recruiting and development activities to get the right employee in right job with right skill. Finally, industry has to develop a talent marketplace by a standard classification of employee roles, skills and competencies and potential managers can identify individuals with relevant skills and capabilities. Conclusion: Finally, I think that training helps people to learn different things in a different ways. Training and development helps in the organisation to develop there information, methods in a systematic way to perform all the activity in the solar industries. Talent management is method of aid in the organisation. It helps talented employees to develop their skills and knowledge. And also develop their effective plan to manage talented employees in the industries. However, talent management and training is the key role of human resources management in the solar industries.

Comparing three b2b or b2c web strategies :: essays research papers

I. Introduction The worldwide network of computers, called "Internet", provides opportunities for a company to do business in cyberspace. Organisations find it more and more important to represent them on the Internet to get more customers, to increase the public's awareness of the companies and their products, and to sell more of their products. However, corporate leaders are finding it difficult to keep up with fast-moving markets and the customer conditions that are the hallmark of the Internet. There are numerous and widely varying predictions of the potential of doing business via the Internet, including the increasing numbers of people with Internet access, of corporate Web sites, of Web spending by advertisers, and of total online shopping. Yet, confusion abounds concerning exactly what is happening, how much potential there really is, and what businesses should be doing to take advantage of it. The very nature of commerce on the Net can be baffling, even to the experienced marketer . Both businesses and consumers perceive many obstacles to successful online commerce. In order to successfully cultivate online market share, companies are compelled to design marketing strategies specifically for the information highway. I.A. Popularity of the Internet From its comparatively humble beginnings in the 1960s as a means for protecting US mainframe computer systems in the Cold War, to a 1970s link for scientists and academics to share data and research, the Internet has blossomed in the 1990s into the information age's curious marriage of the personal computer and citizens' band radio (Hof and Verity, 1994), instantaneously linking a user with the whole electronic world and providing the means to interact with that world. This explosive growth of the Internet, including commercial networks and services, has been accompanied by an astounding increase in the population of Internet users. The huge potential of customers and consumers has businesses scrambling to get on to the Web, with its low cost and broad reach. Millions of people worldwide can utilize the Web's affordable and easy access to view product, service and information offerings from an unknown number of potential entrepreneurs. (Chaffey et. al., 2003) Estimates say that the business side of the Internet is small today, but with untold billions in potential sales looming ahead. The prospect of millions of bright, well-educated, upwardly mobile people searching for some new outlet in which to spend their money has been too attractive for many businesses to ignore, in spite of slow initial momentum (Johnson, 1995).

Anne Bradstreet - Feminine but Feminist Essay -- essays research paper

As a female in a highly patriarchal society, Anne Bradstreet uses the reverse psychology technique to prove the point of her belief of unfair and unequal treatment of women in her community. Women who wrote stepped outside their appropriate sphere, and those who actually published their work frequently faced social censure. Compounding this social pressure, many women faced crushing workloads and struggled with lack of leisure for writing. Others suffered from an unequal access to education, while others were dealing with the sense of intellectual inferiority offered to them from virtually every authoritative voice, that voice usually being male. Bradstreet was raised in an influential family, receiving an extensive education with access to private tutors and the Earl of Lincoln's large library. She was part of an influential family who encouraged her writing and circulated it in manuscript with pride. That kind of private support did much to offset the possibility of public disappr oval. Bradstreet believed that women in her society were treated unfairly, and that gender should be insignificant. In her "Prologue" she addresses conflict and struggle, expressing her opinion toward women's rights, implying that gender is unimportant and male dominance is wrong. Bradstreet asserts the rights of women to learning and expression of thought, addressing broad and universal themes. The "Prologue" has a humble tone with slightly hidden surprises, containing a mut...

Women Suceptability To Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

Holy Cross Hospital is a 240 bed degree one infirmary located in the rural Pondoland of Eastern Cape in the old Transkei, South Africa. It serves a population of about 50,000 around Flagstaff, Lusikisiki, Mkambathi and Bizana. There are 153 members of the infirmary staffs. The bulk of the rural people are hapless and as such, diseases associated with poorness are prevailing among the people: TB, malnutrition and HIV/AIDS. The infirmary is divided into different units among them is the HIV Clinic where bulk of patient on the life salvaging ART roll up their medicines. Fig 6: Number of employees at Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape. Management 10, Professionals 56, Clerical 22, Unskilled 65 In the rural community where adult females are the objects of societal force like colza, domestic assault and worst affected by poorness, they can merely be subjugated by the harrying effects of HIV. There are other parts that could be attributed to the prevalence of the disease among the adult females rural inhabitants. Female venereal mutilation although non a bulwark in South African societies, this could non be wholly ruled out in the rural communities where a batch of activities on traveling are underreported due to hapless media coverage. In another scenario, the act of masochism is besides a fuelling factor- a male dominant society.LITERATURE REVIEWIn the planetary, national and local reappraisals of HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence, it has ever been that adult females are at higher proportion. Even in the events of related decease, adult females are at the greater loss. There must be factors responsible for such properties. In a related comparing, prenatal attendants in Sout h Africa have greater Numberss of the virus than the mean population. Here, the ground is obvious ; to be pregnant meant unprotected sexual intercourse. Different reappraisals of one-year prenatal studies in South Africa as conducted by UNAIDS, AIDS epidemic update, 2009 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unicef.org/factoftheweek/index_53596.html ) the Human Sciences Research Council ( HSCR ) has ever shows a greater per centums than the national HIV/AIDS prevalence. This is besides the same in many other states of the universe. Although, the virus was foremost discovered in 1981 among homosexual work forces in the United States of America, the displacement in the paradigm is a cause for concern. â€Å" This epidemic unluckily remains an epidemic of adult females. † – Michel Sidibe , Executive Director of UNAIDS. â€Å" At the terminal of 2009 it was estimated that out of the 33.3 million grownups world-wide populating with HIV and AIDS, more than half are adult females. It is suggested that 98 per centum of these adult females live in developing states. The AIDS epidemic has had a alone impact on adult females, which has been exacerbated by their function within society and their biological exposure to HIV infection.A Generally adult females are at a greater hazard of heterosexual transmittal of HIV. Biologically adult females are twice more likely to go septic with HIV through unprotected heterosexual intercourse than work forces. In many states adult females are less likely to be able to negociate rubber usage and are more likely to be subjected to non-consensual sex. Additionally, 1000000s of adult females have been indirectly affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Women ‘s childbearing function means that they have to postulate with issues such as mother-to-child transmittal of HIV. The duty of caring for AIDS patients and orphans is besides an issue that has a greater consequence on adult females † ( Avert, 2010 ) 1.State2001 prevalence %2002 prevalence %2003 prevalence %2004 prevalence %2005 prevalence %2006 prevalence %2007 prevalence %KwaZulu-Natal33.536.537.540.739.139.137.4Mpumalanga29.228.632.630.834.832.132.0Free State30.128.830.129.530.331.133.5Gauteng29.831.629.633.132.430.830.3North West25.226.229.926.731.829.029.0Eastern Cape21.723.627.128.029.528.626.0Crocodile river14.515.617.519.321.520.618.5Northern Cape15.915.116.717.618.515.616.1Western Cape8.612.413.115.415.715.112.6National24.826.527.929.530.229.128.0Estimated HIV prevalence among prenatal clinic attendants, by state ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert.org/ safricastats.htmAgeMale prevalence %Female prevalence %2-143.02.015-192.56.720-245.121.125-2915.732.730-3425.829.135-3918.524.840-4419.216.345-496.414.150-5410.410.255-596.27.760+3.51.8Entire7.913.6Estimated HIV prevalence among South Africans, by age and sex, 2008 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert.org/safricastats.htm ) There are different distinctive features to the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in different societies, but the common features globally are the larger adult females exposure. However in the context of Africa, the prevalent poorness, female gender misdemeanor and the alarming in incidences of colza instances in the rural South Africa, male dominated society, unemployment, and illiteracy are some of the prevailing fortunes increasing the exposure to the virus. In the scientific position, adult females still take greater proportion of PLWHA. The open countries of female venereal piece of land are greater than male and vaginal mucosal are more crumbly which become easy bruised with harsh sex. For every brush of heterosexual intercourse, adult females are at greater hazard of reaching HIV ( WHO, 2010 ) . The same rule besides applies to the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Womans have been known to bear the greater load. Access to information is besides another important factor that is missing among adult females. Many of which are uneducated and as such, the Numberss of adult females in the places of power and authorization are slender. To do informed pick and cognition of bar of HIV/AIDS is rather lacking. â€Å" Lack of instruction and economic security affects 1000000s of adult females and misss, whose literacy degrees are by and large lower than work forces and male childs ‘ . Many adult females, particularly those populating with HIV, lose their places, heritage, ownerships, supports and even their kids when their spouses die. This forces many adult females to follow survival schemes that increase their opportunities of catching and distributing HIV. Educating misss makes them more equipt to do safer sexual determinations † ( WHO, 2010 ) . Crime rate is another spotlight to the spread of HIV/AIDS. This act of force makes adult females to be the objects of onslaughts. In the local communities across South Africa, gender force is prevailing attitude. It was late reported that British twosome tourers were abducted in the rural community of Khayelitstha in Cape Town. The adult female was said to hold been raped and finally killed by the rural goons. The act of this societal force is merely non against the local adult females once more, it has transcended beyond the local communities. The narrative became a planetary sensational narrative. â€Å" A 26-year-old adult male has been charged with commandeering the auto of a British twosome who were honeymooning in Cape Town at the weekend and slaying the bride, constabulary said Wednesday.The adult male from Khayelitsha, the sprawling township on the outskirts of Cape Town where Anni Dewani ‘s organic structure was found, was charged within hours of being taken into cons tabulary detention on Tuesday † ( Afro News 24, 2010 ) . The common local believe in South Africa is that HIV/AIDS is curable by holding sexual intercourse with virgin or person old who has abstain from sex for long clip. This is a remarkable factor announcing the up-surge in the colza instances in the state. Of class the traditional physicians ( Sangoma ) frequently times indoctrinate immature work forces populating with the virus to hold sex with virgin in order to be remedy. Statistically, South Africa has the largest figure of PLWHA worldwide than any other state. And with the local believe, the present state of affairs would hold been expected. Another misnomer is the tradition of adult females submissiveness. A good adult female is rather frequently viewed by the local communities as submissive to her hubby, non oppugning her hubby about his sexual life, ready to give sex anytime without dialogue and must bear many kids. This attitude frequently endangers adult females life and possibly the unborn kids in state of affairs where the adult male of the house engages in coincident multiple sexual partnerships. A recent study in a local community in a South Africa neighboring state, Botswana found that 62 % of work forces have engaged in multiple sexual partnerships in the old three months ( New York State, 2010 ) . This is merely what happens in a state non ill-famed for high incidence of force against adult females. Then, the state of affairs could be far making in the rural South African communities.OPERATIONAL DEFINATIONS AND HYPOTHESISHIV/AIDS prevalence is greater among Womans?HIV as normally known is Human Immunodeficien cy virus while AIDS is the terminal phase of HIV infection. AIDS is Acquired Immune lack Syndrome. In most instances, HIV infection depending on the immune position of the septic persons can quickly come on to AIDS in a year`s clip without medical intercession. However, there were records of people that have lived more than 20 old ages on ART after despite the virus4. The commonest manner of transmittal of the virus in sub-Sahara Africa is through heterosexual intercourse. Prevalence is an epidemiological parametric quantity evaluation the distribution of disease status in a population at a peculiar clip. While incidence focal points on the happening of new form of a disease status. Prevalence encompasses both the new and the bing diseased in a population. In the events of HIV/AIDS, new instances of HIV will be considered as incidence and both the new instances and those that have AIDS are expressed as the prevalence of the disease.Prevalence = entire Numberss of people with disease status A- 100entire figure of the populationThe age of consent for expiration of gestation ( TOP ) in South Africa was one time said to be 12 old ages. However, this has late been reviewed by the Health Professions Council of South Africa ( HPCSA ) ( HPCSA, 2010 ) . Presently, there is no age limitation for TOP. Amongst many other things brewing the ceaseless addition in the figure of adolescent gestation and childhood HIV/AIDS is this reviewed ethical consideration of age of consent for TOP. Therefore, anybody that is 12 old ages old or more and pregnant are considered as female parent and the fable of muliebrity applies. In contrast, the same definition of been a adult female is considered after the age of adolescence ( after 18 old ages ) for non pregnant females. This regulation besides applies for work forces after adolescence. Testing the hypothesis, it a widely believed that HIV/AIDS is a gender related disease status and that the status is at higher prevalence among adult females. There are different statements that could be put frontward to back up this misnomer in the society. For case, HIV/AIDS and STI prevalence is higher among female commercial sex workers. They serve as reservoir of infection in the community. This form could be acceptable as different people sleep with workers whose HIV and STI position are non verified. This may account for a greater incidence among adult females. However, it is merely a handful Numberss of adult females that engages in commercial sexual activities and this can non be generalised for all. Cultural patterns are the ways of people which has been over clip been accepted as norm in the society. Africans have several norms and patterns that are assisting to fuel the spread of HIV/AIDS. But are at that place any cultural believe that make HIV/AIDS adult females heritage? Polygamy and multiple sexual partnerships are accepted among many African civilizations. Work force are frequently seen as the dominant factors in most African societies and the strength of his domination is frequently designated by how many adult females he could hold sex with. The work forces are even sometimes adored with particular fears: holding multiple sexual spouses as the nature of work forces, they need to hold frequent sex as to maintain tantrum and healthy and multiple sexual partnerships denote suppressing adult females. Are these defects in our modern society? Another ground ascribed to adult females higher HIV/AIDS prevalence? In the aftermath of HIV/AIDS pandemic, the usage of barrier method of HIV bar was among the initial intercessions to control the spread of HIV. Male rubbers were so introduced and later the female rubbers. It is known facts that have been proved over times that condoms prevent HIV spread efficaciously. However, to utilize rubber in each sexual brush is non a exclusive duty, collaborative attempts is needed. In the society where adult females are already subdued by the social norms, regulations and ordinances, negociating sex with rubber is regarded as act of insubordination. Consistent and right usage of rubbers for adult females in heterosexual relationships is frequently compromised. Dry sex is another common demand of local African work forces from adult females. They claim that it gives work forces intense sexual satisfactions. Womans whose venereal mucosal are easy bruised are the object of mark for HIV and STI. In the most of these concerns laid above, adult females are at the disadvantage. The survey below looks at the epidemic among adult females, prenatal attendants and work forces in the rural Pondoland.RESEARCH QUESTIONSaˆ? What is the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among adult females and work forces measuring Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape for medical intervention? aˆ? HIV/AIDS is more prevailing among adult females than work forces? aˆ? For the Antenatal attendants, do they hold higher HIV prevalence than other two groups as depicted in the South African prenatal HIV prevalence? aˆ? What are the cause ( s ) of higher HIV/AIDS among adult females in the rural Pondoland?Analysis OF HIV/AIDSWomans are the critical nutriment of our communities, yet most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. This needs an pressing intercession. The disease status has all its tentacles in all facet of life of both rural and urban South African inhabitants. It has crippled many family of beginning of support and as such many rural fatherlands are being headed by kids. This is the coupled factor to increased Numberss of orphan kids in Pondoland.Purpose OF THE STUDYThe causal relationships of the virus and higher prevalence among adult females are critically reviewed with the purpose of find precise and curious intercession schemes in the rural Pondoland. Although most rural African communities do hold common antiquity, the schemes conveying relieve from HIV/AIDS epidemic may be expressed to each community. This is an effort to concentrate on such schemes.Importance OF THE RESEARCH STUDYIn the world, we do non cognize precisely how many people that are populating with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. The national and prenatal prevalence are extrapolations and tax write-offs. This study will be a study to cognize how many of Holy Cross Hospital grownup patients live with virus. The causes of such septic grownups and the necessary intercession to control the spread of the virus.THE RESEACH METHODOLOGY ( HIV/AIDS prevalence is greater among adult females? A infirmary based survey )The design of the survey will be randomised prospective survey of adult females, Antenatal attendants and work forces measuring Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape, South Africa for medical interventions. The research is traveling to be questionnaires based with translator available to interpret and explicate inquiries to the participants in the survey. The translator will be chosen among the infirmary volunteered nurse for the interest of uniformity of linguistic communication interlingual rendition and c onsequence result. It is known fact that many of the grownup members of Pondoland rural community are non huge with usage of English linguistic communication. The point distribution of the questionnaires will be at the outpatient section, exigency unit and at the antenatal clinic which takes topographic point every Thursdays. These are the first points of contact for any patient measuring the infirmary for the first clip. The survey will be conducted over the initial period of 1 ( one ) twelvemonth from January boulder clay December 2011. The mark figure of the participants will be capped as 500. There will be three groups of the participants: ( 1 ) adult females go toing outpatient and exigency sections for medical intervention, ( 2 ) work forces go toing outpatient and exigency sections for medical intervention and ( 3 ) adult females go toing prenatal clinic. The age group that will be included are adult females and work forces between 18-65 old ages old and pregnant adult females more age 12. As the survey is divided into three groups and to be conducted in three infirmary section, the form of questionnaires distribution will be stratified. The first four months of 2011 ( January till April ) , both the principal research worker ( for my portion ) and the helper, we will merely concentrate on patient go toing exigency unit, May till August 2011 in the outpatient section and September through December in the prenatal unit. The method of everyday attack will be that at every contact with the participants, the research aims and concentrate will be explained and the voluntaries are selected based on age standards will be tested for HIV. For every participant, voluntary guidance and proving for HIV will be conducted by the principal research worker and written consent will be documented for every participant. Note, all information will be treated with confidential and consequence of the research will non be linked to the participants. A rapid showing HIV proving kit for HIV 1 and 2 ( ELISA 1 and 2 ) will be used throughout the survey. Every consequence will be read after 30 proceedingss. For those proving positive for HIV, they will be offered medical aid for farther research lab trials ( CD4 counts, viral tonss, full blood counts and liver map trial ) and necessary medical intervention. Each participant will be allowed sufficient clip to make full in the questionnaires but should be return before go forth ing the infirmary premises. The construction of the inquiries will be in different subdivisions with the initial portion turn toing the demographic informations, cognition about HIV/AIDS, behavioral hazard factors for HIV/AIDS, measuring hazard of societal force and preventative scheme for HIV/AIDS. The inside informations of the questionnaire are as follows:Demographic DataAge: ( a ) 12 – 25 old ages ( B ) 26 – 35 old ages ( degree Celsius ) 36 – 45 old ages ( vitamin D ) 46 – 55 old ages ( vitamin E ) 56 – 65years ( degree Fahrenheit ) more than 65 old ages Gender: ( a ) Male ( B ) Female Occupation: ( a ) non-skilled worker ( B ) semi-skilled worker ( degree Celsius ) skilled worker ( vitamin D ) immigrant worker Marital Status: ( a ) Single ( B ) life partnership ( degree Celsius ) Married ( vitamin D ) Divorced Religion: ( a ) Christian ( B ) Muslim ( degree Celsius ) Traditional Race: ( a ) Black ( B ) White ( degree Celsius ) Coloured ( vitamin D ) Indian Monthly Income: ( a ) Roentgen 500.00 – Roentgen 3000.00 ( B ) Roentgen 3001.00 – Roentgen 10, 000.00 ( degree Celsius ) R 10,001.00 – Roentgen 20, 000.00 ( vitamin D ) greater than R 20, 000. 00 ( vitamin E ) unemployedKnowledge about HIV/AIDS1. HIV is the abbreviation of Human Immunodeficiecy Virus Y N D2. Sexual activity intercourse with multiple sexual spouses increases the hazard of geting HIVY N D3. Transfusion of unscreened HIV infected blood can take to HIV infection Y N D4. sharing nutrient with AIDS patient can take to HIV infection Y N D5. venereal diseases are risk factors for HIV infection Y N D6. Terbium is an illustration of timeserving infection Y N D7. HIV infected individual should non unwrap his/her position because of stigma Y N D8. HIV/AIDS is a godly penalty for unfaithfulness Y N D9. PLWHA should non be employed because they are underproductive and weakY N D10. HIV is passed on by sneezing, manus shingle, caressing, and kiping togetherY N D 11. HIV/AIDS is entirely big disease and the young person should non be concerned.Y N D12. HIV bar instruction should merely be a precedence in schools and collegesY N DAdapted from: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001270/127076eo.pdf ) Y = Yes, N = No, D = Do n't cognize, FBO = Faith Based Organisations, PLWHA = People Living with HIV/AIDSBehavioural Risk Factors for HIV/AIDSMake you smoke coffin nail, if yes, how many per twenty-four hours? Make you imbibe alcohol? If yes, how many bottles per twenty-four hours? Do you hold more than one sexual spouse? If yes how many? Has any of your sexual spouse ( s ) been treated for STI in the past three months? Make you cognize sexual spouse ( s ) HIV position? If yes, what is it? Are you in polygamous relationship? Have you been sexually been abused by your spouse or mistreat your sexual spouse in the past three months? What is your sentiment about dry sex? Have you portion needle and endovenous drug with your friend before? If yes when was it? Make you prosecute or patronize commercial sex workers? If employed, does your occupation maintain you off from your place more than two hebdomads or more? Are you or your male spouse circumcised?Measuring hazard of societal forceHave you of all time been sexually abused by opposite gender? Have you been sexually abused by your spouse ( s ) or abused your sexual spouse in the past three months? If yes, when was the first maltreatment? And how terrible was it? Does your spouse have fire arm? And if yes, does he/she endanger to kill you before? Have you of all time sustain any signifier of physical or emotional harm from spouse force? Does your spouse respects your sentiment if you are non in the temper of holding sex? How can you depict the last three sexual brushs with your spouse ( s ) ? Make you cognize if your spouse has been reported as violent to any other individual? Is your spouse of all time been arrested by constabulary for societal force or drink-driving? Does your spouse have job with choler direction?Measuring Preventive Strategies of HIV/AIDSWhich HIV/AIDS bar schemes do you cognize? Make you see utilizing HIV bar if you are non certain of the HIV position of your spouse? If your spouse is HIV positive, will you see utilizing rubber during intercourse? If yes, why? Make you utilize any signifier of HIV preventative step during your last three sexual intercourse? If yes, which one or province them. If condom explosion during sex, what is the immediate measure you should take? If employed, what are the schemes in topographic point of your work guaranting bar of HIV? What is your sentiment about male Circumcision and HIV bar? If HIV and pregnant, will you take ART to forestall HIV transmittal to the unborn babe? What option ( s ) are available for HIV positive spouses to forestall transmittal of HIV to unborn babe? Have you been treated for genital disease in the past three months? What is the nexus between genital disease and HIV?POPULATION SAMPLING AND RESULT ANALYSESWhat inform the entire sampling population is the immense figure the infirmary serves, 50,000. 1 % of that is tantamount of 500. Although this is a little figure in associating to the entire population measuring the infirmary, but associating to the chief research worker and the helper, it is tremendous. That is why the survey would hold been conducted throughout a twelvemonth period. The purpose of the age distribution chosen was to affect grownups entirely in the survey ; nevertheless, adolescent gestation is a rampart happening in South African communities. That is why pregnant adult females from age 12 are portion of the proposed survey. There are five constituents of the questionnaire and three groups of participants involved in the survey, the consequences will obtained individually for each group and interpreted utilizing Microsoft excel. The usage of Chi square trial will be employed the hypothesis – Hiv is higher among adult females than work forces.Expected RESULTS FROM THE STUDYThe survey is expected to conform to the present form of the virus epidemic in South Africa. â€Å" HIV/AIDS is more prevailing among female grownups under the age of 40 in about all age groups. Approximately 4 in every 5 people with HIV/AIDS aged 20-24 are adult females, and merely one tierce of people with HIV/AIDS aged 25-29 are work forces. Although prevalence is higher among adult females in general, merely 1 in every 6 HIV/AIDS infected people with multiple sex spouses are adult females † ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . Although some divergences are expected, could these be peculiar to the rural Pondoland community? South Afri ca adult females who have been disempowered revealed the high degree of colza and domestic maltreatment, a societal misnomer brewing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the state ( Avert, 2010 ) . The National HIV and Syphilis Antenatal Sero-prevalence Survey, 2005 and 2007, the per centum of pregnant adult females with HIV per twelvemonth was as follows ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) :Year:1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Percentage:0.7 1.7 2.2 4.0 7.6 10.4 14.2 17.0 22.8 22.4 24.5 24.8 26.5 27.9 29.5 30.2 29.1 28.0 These one-year studies of HIV among the pregnant adult females are higher than the national prevalence of 10.8 % , though the incidence is higher among adult females 13.3 % than in work forces 8.2 % ( HSCR, 2005 ) . The same result is besides envisaged as above. Possibly there are disparities, they will be noted and a farther study may be needed.EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY TO THE HOSPITALSouth Africa higher HIV/AIDS national statistic is higher than any other state, that is what has geared the exceeding authorities attempts in other to undertake the disease tendency. The robust attempts of the authorities are the largest HIV/AIDS strategy in the universe ( All Africa.com, 2010 ) . The tendency of the disease needed to be known exactly in Pondoland. The result of the survey could be presented to the regional wellness authorization for amendment of HIV/AIDS authorities intercession at the infirmary. Critical reappraisals of different diaries have shown that HIV/AIDS has unprecedented rise among adult females ( UNICEF, 2009 ) , the result of the survey is expected to be in conformance. However, if the consequences show greater proportions of adult females than expected, it could spell a readjustment in the infirmary planning scheme to turn to direction of HIV/AIDS among adult females. The local untypical causes of rise in HIV/AIDS will be known if there is any. The illation will be surmised from the response of adult females proving positive for HIV in the survey. Therefore local epidemiological form of HIV in Pondoland will be verified. The result of this survey could name for more survey in HIV/AIDS and other local endemic disease in the infirmary. A rural infirmary where academic research is seldom conducted, this will be an oculus opener. It will be a beginning of inspiration particularly for the freshly graduated medical physicians and druggists in the infirmary set abouting their rural community service.DecisionFor effectual intercession to come into drama in the direction of the increased HIV/AIDS disparities among adult females and work forces, the specific factors responsible have to be outlined and schemes to battle these could be sourced. In the aftermath of HIV/AIDS in the 80s, the epidemic was rather rampart among homosexual in the USA and equal intercessions were ensued as reflected in the state HIV/AIDS statistics. Africa needed to larn from this. The basic nutriment of any community is the valued lives of the household members. Womans who are the beginning of generational continuity are in hazard in our society. Didactic and pressing attack should be instituted in the rural and all African communities to halt the harness effects of HIV/AIDS. Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV transmittal, handiness of free rubbers in public establishments, adult females empowerment and wellness instruction should parts of focus authorities and NGO agendas to readdress HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa.