Cherokee Indians And Native American Tribes - 1056 Words

Cherokee Indians have been around for many years, but when the topic of Native Americans is discussed it is only about the struggles and hardships they went through but never their actual culture of how and where they originated or how they came to be. There are many interesting things to learn about Cherokee Indians such as their heritage, religion, language, and their traditional songs, dances, and food. The Cherokee people have been identified as one of the most socially and culturally advanced of all other Native American tribes. Artifacts have been found that Indicate that they lived a little over 11,000 years ago but it is unknown of how long the Cherokee have actually existed. Research is still being done to determine†¦show more content†¦Their religion is based on thanking mother earth for providing all that is needed to stay alive. The Cherokee language has 3 principal dialects. A’Tali or also called the upper principle is spoken throughout Northern Georgia, Eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina and is exclusively used in the native literature of the tribe. Kituwah or also known as the middle principle is spoken chiefly on the waters of the Tuckasegee River in western North Carolina and is now prevailing dialect on the east Cherokee Reservation. Elati also known as the lower principle and is spoken on the heads of the savannah river, in South Carolina and Georgia and was the only dialect to have the â€Å"R† sound, which is now extinct. Many of the Cherokee’s 12,000 tribe members still use this language today. The Foods in the Cherokee Nation all had a purpose. Corn, beans, and squash were also known as â€Å"The 3 Sisters† that grew in their fields. Corn was made into flat breads, beans and squash were used for soups and stews. There are many traditional cherokee dishes, which include Bean Bread, Fried Hominy, Grape Dumplings, Cherokee bread pudding, and many others(Recipes). Most of the cooking vessels wer e made of clay, and food was sometimes put under hot coals for cooking. Most foodsShow MoreRelatedThe Cherokee Native American Tribe1613 Words   |  7 PagesBombria Miss Pearce American Literature Period 8 2 April 2017 The Cherokee Native American Tribe The Cherokee are considered one of the most advanced Native American tribes culturally and socially. The Cherokee tribe originated from several different regions in the United States including: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama. The Cherokee lived in villages like most Native American Tribes. Each village housed four hundred to five hundred Cherokee people. There were twoRead MoreEssay on Southeastern Native American Literature1215 Words   |  5 PagesSoutheastern Native American Literature Native American literature from the Southeastern United States is deeply rooted in the oral traditions of the various tribes that have historically called that region home. While the tribes most integrally associated with the Southeastern U.S. in the American popular mind--the FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)--were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) from their ancestral territories inRead MoreTrail Of Tears Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagesleast four causes for the Indian removal act of 1830. The history of the trail discussion about the Native Americans, and what happens to them when they were moving to their new home in the west, as well what happened after the removal act. The main causes of why the Native Americans had to be removed will be expanded in this short paragraph. The Goldrush in Georgia in 1829 was one cause (â€Å"Trail of Tears†), so Fort Armistead constitution in 1832, was to help the Indians against gold prospectorsRead MoreNative American And Native Americans1137 Words   |  5 PagesNative American Displacement Long ago on the great plains, the buffalo roamed and the Native Americans lived amongst each other. They were able to move freely across the lands until the white men came and concentrated them into certain areas. Today there are more than five-hundred different tribes with different beliefs and history. Native Americans still face problems about the horrific history they went through and today s discrimination. The removal of American Indian tribes is one of theRead MoreNative Americas And The West Of The Mississippi River1438 Words   |  6 Pagesstart of 1830s, about 125000 Native Americas were living on more than 25 million acres of land on Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama, and Florida, the region that would be referred to as the Deep South. However, by the end of the decade, only a few of these Native Americans remained in this region . While following the interests of the white settlers, who wanted to cultivate cotton on Indian Lands, president Jackson and the fede ral government forced the natives to vacate their homeland andRead MoreLanguage : A Key Element Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing lost to the diminishing numbers of Native Americans due to the influence of colonization and government policies. Endangerment of languages exist across North America and continues to be a problem, risking the cultural diversity that the world is composed of. These cultures are struggling to keep their story alive and they must be maintained and encouraged to grow. One of the most prominent Native American tribes in the United States are the Cherokee Indians. Originally they had a vast territoryRead MoreWho Were Really The Savages? Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pages Who were really the savages? Americans Yaghira Dickson History 223 History of the American Indian Dr. Dawn Spring 11 December 2016 Abstract Analyze the history of Lakota and Cherokee Indians and what area they are from. Pinpoint the myths and where they originated. Associate and disassociate at least two Indigenous stories about creation of the biosphere. Identify what the relationship between human beings and creation proposed. Recognize the relationship between human beings and animals. FindRead MoreNative Americans in USA941 Words   |  4 Pages Native Americans have inhabited this country for many generations. There are so many things that have been influenced by the Native Americans. The Native American culture is one of the richest cultures in American history. The Native Americans have a history rich in struggle, aggression, and conquest. Out of the many Indian tribes of the past, none have been more interesting than the Cherokee Indian Tribe. The Cherokee Indians were originally located in the southeast United States (â€Å"Native AmericanRead MoreComparison of How Spain, France, Britian, and America Interacted with the Natives1345 Words   |  5 PagesFrance, England, and America viewed and interacted with Native peoples differently as they colonized North America. It is reported that roughly three hundred and fifty thousand Native Americans called the area known today as Florida home, when Spanish explorer Ponce de Leon landed his fleet of ships on the coast in the early 1500’s. As we have discussed and lear ned when the Native people were colonized by outsiders it was not a great day. The Natives of Florida were not immune; war, slavery, disease,Read MoreThe Constitution Of The Cherokee Nation912 Words   |  4 Pages1827 Constitution of the Cherokee Nation is a document that was created to protect the Cherokee Indians from being thrown out of their native lands. The authors of the document are not unknown. The first line of the document states, â€Å"We the Representatives of the people of the Cherokee Nation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The authors are the Representatives of the Cherokee tribes, who were chosen by the people of the Cherokee nation to represent them. The representatives would have been free male Cherokee members that are twenty-five

The Idiots Manual to Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 6th Grade

The Idiot's Manual to Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 6th Grade A comparison essay is among them. The word compare' is a little bit of a misnomer when used concerning a comparative essay analysis. You can begin with the form of topic you pick for your compare and contrast essay. The topic for a compare and contrast essay will probably be set by the topic or course a student is enrolled. In reality, a persuasive essay is a sort of expository essay. What's more, an essay writer must also have the ability to offer valid references on the arguments which he would want to include in the paragraph. Your thesis is the fundamental argument your whole essay will revolve around. To write this kind of essay is quiet hard thing and it ought to be carried out responsibly. Find out how to compose a compare and contrast essay from us to be sure that you think of a wonderful academic paper, or even better, call us to find out more about buying one of our reasonably priced essays. As a way to continue to keep your essay informative and engaging, you will want to source for factual information which not only impresses the reader but also teaches them something they might not have already known. To compose a high-quality paper, you've got to understand how to pick your topic properly and utilize it to create a practical outline. To start with, in the same way as any other bit o f academic writing, a comparative essay ought to have a goal. Another practical idea is to ask a relative or a buddy to read the essay and see whether they can spot some mistakes. For example an individual may select a topic like, life in the shoes of a werewolf. Keep in mind, ensure you do your research, and don't rush writing. The next thing to do is to begin writing. Understanding Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 6th Grade It is going to be rather simple to discover the differences but the similarities are a lot more difficult to find. When you have identified the 2 subjects, decide which similarity and difference to concentrate on. When you receive the title and aspects to compare but without a definite number of criteria to cover similarities and differences, you've got to brainstorm. When you begin brainstorming and researching the subject, the odds are high you'll locate a wide collection of differences and similarities. You may employ a professional essay wr iting service to complete your assignment in the very best quality. Writing tips will allow you to organize the outline and compose the essay. Bear in mind, the same as in other forms of essays, thorough research is extremely relevant here, too. You are able to discover some info about various formats of accounts. If you're not that confident about your writing skills or are running out of time, there's a good approach to assist you submit the essay which you require. 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It's common to be assigned to compose essays in every area of study, not just when taking a composition program. It is a necessity if you would like your writing procedure to be easier and clear. Both have a broad selection of expensive, elegant restaurants in addition to a similar quantity of global and national chains. In the span of obtaining an education, students need to deal with diverse tasks and overcome many challenges of different complexity. The Do's and Don'ts of Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for 6th Grade Since you may see, the topics are split be tween multiple categories so it would be simpler that you select one. Before you begin, it is imperative to choose topics that you truly know well. It's needless to mention your topics ought to be precise and on point. In most instances, the topics you pick should be closely related. You only have to order a very good essay from experts with the greatest academic degrees in an assortment of fields. Our experts will let you know absolutely the exact same, but after teaching you the way to compose a compare and contrast essay. To begin with, you will need to select two unique topics that you need to compare and contrast. If you are thinking about how to begin a compare and contrast essay or only want to learn how to write one well, first you ought to comprehend its objective. Every student was assigned a compare and contrast essay at least one time in a lifetime. By getting compare and contrast essay help you're going to be in a position to file your essay punctually and in the ideal quality. The very first thing you ought to do is identify the form of compare and contrast essay which you're handling.

Water Supply Planning and Operation System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Water Supply Planning and Operation System. Answer: Introduction: Heimersson et al. (2014) stated that asset management is managing the infrastructure of capital asset for reducing the total owner cost and operating the assets while deliver the required service levels. Harder et al. (2014) argued that asset management achieves a sustainable infrastructure of the selected asset. United Arab Emirates (UAE) faces various water management challenges such as groundwater scarcity, higher cost of water production and limited wastewater treatment. Due to growing need of water treatment, there is significant requirement of water supply system. Therefore, there is need to invest into new water infrastructure to meet with current demand of Dubai. The asset for this assessment is development of water supply system (water pipeline network) which is conducted into water infrastructure industry. Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) introduced the expansion of water pipeline project in different locations into emirate. The expansion project of water pipeline in Dubai is 46km project which would intend to increase flow of water between two roads (Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Road and Emirates Road). The main objective behind the investment into water infrastructure is to improve water quality of Dubai for human consumption and provide the growing population of Dubai with access to water mains. This asset improves the water supply towards the growing population of Dubai (GulfNews 2017). By the year 2030, this asset is planning to increase the capacity of water by 60 percent. The project is based on extension of water connectivity between United Arab Emirates. Asset management of water infrastructure ensures that planned maintenance is conducted and capital assets (water pipeline) are repaired and upgraded on schedule time and budget. Advanced water infrastructure asset management achieves sufficient level of services into the future with regard to high quality of water, prevention of both pollution and urban flooding (Stark 2015). Water supply system asset management is keystone for sustainability which supports planning and day-to-day need to optimize financially over longer term. One of the significant insights into asset management is to deal with the life cycle price of chosen asset from setting up, scheming and building of the operational cycle. The project manager takes the capital investment decisions concerning the expansion of water supply system (Burke 2013). This study maintains nature of water infrastructure based on cost as well as usage of water into growing population of Dubai. Strategic decision making is established to de velop the asset management policies and long term investments into the water infrastructure industry. In Dubai, DEWA started to work into the water supply system for commissioning, delivering and installation of water pipeline network across Emirates. This network manages the increasing demand of water into emirate and provide of higher quality infrastructure for sustainable development into Dubai. This water supply system meets with current as well as future demand of water into Dubai (GulfNews 2017). The water management into UAE is improved throughout different types of measures. The government makes various preparations for expansion of proposed system. The current state is such that water flowing throughout ageing pipelines is contaminated of bacteria, which makes the water undrinkable (Campbell, Jardine and McGlynn 2016). Therefore, in order to solve identified problem, water supply system with expansion of water pipeline is selected as asset of this particular assessment. It is advantageous to carry out of life cycle cost breakdown for the water infrastructure and following ar e the objectives to meet with goals such as: To develop of pipeline network for stopping contamination of water To determine environmental friendly design of the water supply system To reduce water contamination risks with respect to environment and economy To achieve of low life cycle cost based on project requirements To improve sustainable use of water To improve investment and operational competence into water infrastructure organization Mainly, the assessment study is based on design of water supply system includes of water pipeline network to the population of Dubai. The benefit of this asset is to transport of water using gravity and water quality is being preserved. Water supply system represents most of the assets into water utility (Harder et al. 2014). The design of proposed system is based on one of the most significant factor such as cost. Least cost approach leads to minimum capacity of water supply network. Cost model is used to search for least cost solutions based on pipe size even as satisfying the constraints like required output pressure, maximum flow of pipe furthermore velocity of the flow of pipe. The expenditure of the water supply system execution is purpose of diameter of pipe; consequently it is an issue to find the least cost solution by optimization of pipe size for providing least acceptable capacity (Renuka, Umarani and Kamal 2014). Water supply system is vital for the purpose to take out l ife cycle price analysis into the water infrastructure work. The study is based on Establishment of inventory for life cycle cost analysis of the water supply system. Development of water inventory system is handled with defining the data asset into the water infrastructure (Sadhukhan, Ng and Hernandez 2014). The future work is based on purpose and functions of water supply system such as pipeline network, communication, delivery along with water supply services. The main purpose of water supply system is to deliver of water to the consumers with proper quality and quantity (Rodger et al. 2016). After the water pipeline network, pipeline inspection is done with assessment of gravity mains into operational constraints of wastewater utilities. Issues related to selection of pipe diameter to configure low cost water supply system is required to be resolved using cost analysis. Process diagram where asset fits with the hardware system The step into water supply system assessment process is to describe the entire supply of water process. It covers entire system from source to water supply point, covers of different types of source water, processes for water treatment. Types of systems used into water supply system Activities of the respective systems Surface water Description of water body, flow of water, retention time, bulk of water transport (Doll et al. 2015). Ground water system Flow rate, water direction, recharge area, depth of casing, well head protection (Sahin et al. 2016). Treatment system Treatment processes, efficiencies, disinfection removal of pathogens Distribution system Reservoir design, design of distribution system, backflow protection Identifying an approach of life cycle cost analysis In order to conclude on environmental friendly plan of the water supply system, life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is being passed out for creating inventory of the materials as well as energy. This particular study is carried out for different variables regards to water consumption and linked to ecological impact of the planned system (Clay and Fong 2013). This assessment is approached concept of the inventory development for purpose of the LCC analysis. Based on some of the procedures, LCC is done for enabling management to know and direct of the water supply system. LCC analysis is functional on number of water supply system to give consistent information to the manager for making decisions related to asset management issues. Pikaar et al. (2014) determined that implementation of asset management system needs investment of time and cost into the industry. The life cycle standards is established by ISO 55000 certification. This particular standard formulates that asset management gives value to the customers and project manager. With establishment of water supply system, value of asset is realized to the stakeholders. ISO 55001 standards is provided with asset management decision regarding development of water pipeline network when the decisions are best for managing selected asset into the project work (Sahin, Stewart and Porter 2015). The project management team determines proper design and operation of the water supply system. In order to analyze the life cycle costing of this particular project work, Net Present Value is used by the industry. The benefits of ISO 55001 asset management standards are as follows: Reduction of the risks which are associated with ownership of water supply system is done. The risks are avoidable maintenance cost, inefficiency into prevention of accidents at the site (Monczka et al. 2015). Improvement over the quality assurance of the water pipeline network Supports of international growth of business which demonstrates the requirements of asset management system (Godfrey and Hailemichael 2017). Maximization of the existing operating experiences Alignment of the engineering decisions with the business objectives LCC analysis calculates the cost which is generated throughout entire process of development of water supply system from planning to disposal of the facility (Lee et al. 2017). Following are the steps of ISO 55001 standard of asset management are: Planning: One of the most important parts of LCC analysis for the water pipeline network is estimation of the performance of pipe which makes the network. The performance is measured based on expected failure, replacement along with direct and indirect cost for each stages (Doll et al. 2015). Planning models are used to assess future cost for failure of pipeline. The models require of detailed analysis of failure data for the pipeline asset. Data collection: Collecting of data is another essential part of this standard into water infrastructure activities. Proper planning is required to determine what data are collected, how it is collected and where it has to store (Zhang, Kuczera and Kiem 2015). Data for analyzing the pipeline failure is relied on reliable data over five years for achieving meaningful predictions of the future trends. Following are the types of data which are required: Pipeline material- Using of water industries agreed codes Installation of data- It should provide the year of installation Pipeline location- Town and zip code are required and what type of pipe is buried under the road (Lee et al. 2017). Data related to soil- Again, there is use of industry standard codes to get the information on soil type Failure data- After occurrence of failure into the pipeline, then some set of data is needed such as what type of failure, when it occurs and what are possible actions should be taken to overcome the failure (Stenstrm et al. 2017). Acquisition: Expansion of water pipeline network requires a significant capital investment. Due to expansion of the network, there is needed to meet current standards which increase both design, operational and examination cost of the project (Scholten et al. 2015). Those changes lead to additional scope into the asset due to new upgradation of water pipeline network. Operation: The operational cost of the system is estimated using LCC analysis of network (LICAN) model. The users are required to determine installation cost, repair and also pipe replacement cost into the water network varied on size and set of time frame for the analysis (Fletcher et al. 2017). This proposed model includes of cost for water loss. Output of this model includes of tables, charts for comparing the alternatives, characteristics of water pipeline network and summarizing the pipeline materials based on length, size and initial cost for water supply system. The approach to LICAN model is to forecast the annual probability of failure for each size of pipe based on length of pipe (Asefa, Adams and Kajtezovic-Blankenship 2014). For each of the pipeline segment, expected probability of failure into the pipe is estimated for each year into the forecasted period. The inventory for water pipeline network enables the performance of entire network which is obtained based on few pa rameters. Maintenance: The maintenance cost is provided per repair and cost for replacement of pipe is calculated from the cost per unit length. Replacement of the pipeline reduces length of existing pipes and creates new pipe into replacement year (Gurung et al. 2016). All the pipeline failures are being repaired. Disposal: The environmental factors are considered at highest priority in this phase. The old water pipeline network have important amount of the water contamination materials which are required for water treatment throughout removal (Paton, Maier and Dandy 2014). The disposal cost for expansion of the system is expensive. Life cycle cost prediction and cost breakdown structure LICAN model calculates the future cost for development of water pipeline network asset over forecasted period. This particular model is used to forecast the failure on year basis replaces pipeline asset and moves to next year into forecasted period (Pietrucha-Urbanik 2015). LCC analysis is considered as a method to predict the cost effective solutions for development of water supply system (pipeline network). It is not providing an accurate solution but allows the project manager makes a comparison between alternative solutions by means of limited data. The water supply system has lifespan of around 15-20 years, therefore the cost elements are incurred at outset and incurred at various times based on evaluation of various solutions. Therefore, it is probable to predict present as well as discounted value of the LCC analysis to assess of various solutions. This LCC analysis is being concerned with assessment of details of proposed system design. The project manager considered maintenance cost with initial supply of the equipments. The elements of the LCC analysis are shown in the following table: LCC= Cic + Cin + Ce + Co + Cm + Cs + Cenv + Cd Where, LCC Life cycle cost Cic Initial cost, cost for purchase of pump, pipeline, system Cin Installation cost includes of training Ce Energy cost includes of predicted cost for operation of system Co Operation cost includes of labor cost for supervision of water supply system Cm Maintenance and repair cost includes of predicted water system repairs Cs Down time cost due to loss of production Cenv Environmental cost includes of contamination from the pumped liquids Cd Disposal cost includes of disposal of the auxiliary services Table 1: Elements of the LCC analysis (Source: Cullar-Franca and Azapagic 2014, pp-179) Following are the costs which are forecasted for growth of water supply system are: Installation cost- Throughout first period of the planning of selected asset, the installation cost for asset is calculated as cost per foot linked with new material along with diameter is being multiplied by length (Fuchs et al. 2014). LICAN model adds of pipeline asset one at time for each of the material. It includes of set of the equipments, connection to process pipe, connection to electrical wiring, performance evaluation and connection to auxiliary system. Energy cost- Consumption of energy is one of the most significant cost basics into the LCC analysis when the pump established for the water supply system flows greater than 2000 hours/year. The data are collected on pattern of system productivity. When the output is steady, then calculation becomes simple. When output is varied with time, then there is requirement of time based usage pattern (Hawkins et al. 2013). The cost includes of cooling circuits, liquid or gas barrier arrangements. The cost of cooling circuits include of water cost, filtration, heat dissipation and circulation. Repair cost- The event cost is being multiplied by fractional number of the repair events expected into provided year for generation of total repair cost for the selected asset (Cabeza et al. 2014). Leakage cost- The model calculates the leakage from the joints. The volume of loss of water by the asset is multiplied by unit cost of leakage in order to determine the cost of leakage (Shin, Joo and Koo 2016). Loss of water throughout the leakage presents significant cost for the water pipeline network. Through use of leakage model, the cost for leakage is being estimated. The leakage is considered from the background leakage that is occurred throughout joints into the pipe (Zakeri and Syri 2015). There is also leakage from burst failures like longitudinal splits as well as breakage of circumferential. Replacement cost- There is replacement of asset when prediction of total discounted repair cost is greater as compared to cost of asset replacement and it results into lower failure rate in the future (Palma-Behnke et al. 2013).When for the given year, there is no replacement of asset, then cost becomes zero. Pumping cost- The water pipeline network is designed as gravity network, with pumping limited to supply tanks. The cost becomes similar to the network (Vilanova et al. 2015). Corrosion cost- The effects of the corrosion are being included into the pipeline failure models (Hellweg and Canals 2014). The cost which is estimated for different elements formulate the total life cycle cost requisite allows assessment of the design of the water supply system. The total estimated cost provides LCC values for comparison. The financial factors which are taken into consideration to develop LCC analysis, it includes of: Apart from all this, the user decides to include of maintenance, disposal, environmental, down time and other costs. The change into investment cost is dependent on growing market. The investment is done based on clients demand and their satisfaction levels (Heijungs and Suh 2013). The estimation of cost is done by the management team after proper scheduling and planning with maintenance of the water infrastructure. The life cycle cost analysis for the water network is required for the water utilities so as to calculate and estimate long term cost for installation, maintenance as well as upgradation of the asset. The UAE always looks for lowest bid price which lead to consequences into the future with network skilling of high cost for repair as well as loss of water. It requires of faster regeneration frequency of the installation of pipe as outcome of lower upfront price approach (Cuellar-Franca and Azapagic 2014). Prediction of pipeline predictions, higher failure rate is coupled w ith high rate of leakage which results into significant maintenance cost along with lost water cost for the lifetime of pipeline network. After considering of the life cycle cost, all the cost documentation are done into the report. From the report, the stakeholders can analyze and understand the final project outcome along with implications of the LCC analysis. The proposed report consists of purpose, scope, LCC model, and LCC model analysis, discussion in addition to analysis (Kahn and Lemmon 2016). After the report is prepared, results are reviewed properly to identify if there are any risks within the LCC analysis. Accuracy of the LCC analysis is done properly so that there are no risks and issues results into failure of the project work. Campbell, Jardine and McGlynn (2016) stated that LCC analysis is considered as cost for the asset based on water supply system through the life cycle which performs the presentation of the project necessities. LCC is used throughout the following stages of the project life cycle of the selected water supply system or water pipeline network asset: Project management investment along with planning: It consists of planning of the life costing or life cycle cost along with strategic analysis of the water supply system. Design and construction: During the expansion of the proposed system, LCC analysis is done for the functional and operational requirement of the proposed asset (Sahin et al. 2016). The water supply system is divided based on the functions of water facilities, water treatment, transmission of water, water supply along with water distribution facilities. The scope of water facilities is to include of structure related to civil engineering for each of the water supply system, water pipeline, and machinery facilities (Marlow et al. 2013). The inventory is used by means for LCC analysis. The flow chart to establish the asset inventory is being shown as follows: Into the project study, the water supply system is divided into water supply pipelines which are used for developing the pipeline structures for sake of Dubais growth of population. The facilities of water pipeline is accounted for most of the water supply system which are grouped for functioning of the pipes, transmission of pipeline, distribution of pipes along with supply pipes (Sahin et al. 2016). Valves are also playing a key role into installation of the water pipeline through complete water supply system asset. Apart from the collection of exacting area into water supply system, for the purpose to install of pipeline network, the construction work is based on type of pipe, water transmission facilities, and water distribution facilities in addition to water supply facilities. Based on the theoretical assessment of the water supply system, it is installed into Dubai to provide water to the population. While analyzing of the proposed system into this particular study, facilities related to water treatment is excluded to be based on water pipeline network (Shin, Joo and Koo 2016). Establishment of the account of the water supply system is also prioritized in this particular study. Clay and Fong (2013) mentioned some of the methods to analyze existing piping system. One consists to observe the operation of piping system and second is to perform detailed calculation of diameter of pipe. The first method is based on observing the operations and functions of piping system and second method deals with creation of mathematical model of piping system. After that, pressure is calculated and also flow rates in the LCC model (Campbell, Jardine and McGlynn 2016). Observation of piping system permits to view of actual work of proposed system but operational requirements are limited to amount of experimentation. By development of model of the piping system, it is easy to consider the system alternatives, but the model is validated to present the operating piping system. The entire life cycle cost analysis for pipeline network is needed to measure and calculate of long term cost for installation, protection and improve of the chosen water supply system. Vilanova, Magalhes F ilho and Balestieri (2015) argued that in order to raise competence of management into water supply system, the inventory elements are categorized into such a way that the waterworks manager requires to replace, repair and rehabilitate. Water supply system is being divided into pipelines, facilities of distribution in addition to pump stations. Strategic decision making is used to identify of asset management policies as well as optimal longer term investments which are arrived to conduct of life cycle analysis on the current project work. Technological advancement is done to develop the infrastructure of water supply system (Sahin, Stewart and Porter 2015). Estimation of the life cycle costing is done by means to do proper project scheduling in addition to planning with maintenance of the water infrastructure project work (Scholten et al. 2015). Therefore, LCC analysis is important for the project. Identification of the benefits doing life cycle costing in lifecycle management of selected asset Life cycle cost approaches is evolved from the project appraisal tool to incorporate of sustainable developmental aspects into water infrastructure industry. LCC analysis is considered as broader sustainable development framework. In order to carry out life cycle cost analysis into this particular project work, water supply system is vital for the purpose to carry out (Campbell, Jardine and McGlynn 2016). The aim of proposed system is to carry of water to the customers at proper cost so that there is overcome of water contamination risks. LCC analysis is conducted on number of water supply system to provide reliable information to the project manager to take proper project related decisions related to asset management risks. Based on development of water pipeline network, it is required to meet current standards which raise both design, operational and analysis cost of the project work (Renuka, Umarani and Kamal 2014). LCC analysis for the water pipeline network is needed to compute and estimation of long term cost for the purpose of fixing, continuation as well as upgradation of the chosen asset. The documentation is done based on the project requirements. While analyzing of the proposed water supply system into this particular project study, facilities related to water treatment is expelled to focus on water pipeline network. By analyzing the life cycle costing into selected asset, it is observed that it benefits the water infrastructure industry by bring out of product as well as process development into sustainable directions. The industry can harvest of benefits related to environmental, health, safety and risk management. Incorporation of the life cycle as well as sustainability management can lead to brand value of the selected water industry (Clay and Fong 2013). The full amount price of ownership of chosen asset is far superior as contrasted to preliminary capital outlay of the cost and it is varied among alternative solutions and operational requirements. The project manager considered each different cost and analyzed the life cycle to get possible information such as: Assessing of the future resource requirements Assessing of the comparative cost of probable acquisitions Deciding among sources of supply (Pikaar et al. 2014). Accounting for the resources used currently and in past Improvement over system design Optimization of operational and support of maintenance, understanding of the input requirement (Monczka et al. 2015). Assessing of the assets reach end of economic life and understanding of manpower and water utilities Improvement over risk management Improvement over cost monitoring (Gurung et al. 2016). Optimization of long term cost For effective management of the selected asset of water supply system for pipeline facilities, the cost is estimated through entire life cycle with use of LCC analysis. The main factors of LCC analysis are establishment of LCC analysis, formulation, construction, and main factor of LCC, verification of economic efficiency and definition of the lifespan. LCC analysis is determined for different functions and life cycle phases-costing along with accumulating of the cost for entire life cycle (Zhang, Kuczera and Kiem 2015). LCC model is used into water supply system asset for determining the future cost which is associated with development of water pipeline network. Analysis of the water supply system cost provides better presentation of resources, cost for designing, installing, maintaining and procuring activities. Life cycle costing is utilized by the industry to provide information related to maintenance, installation and development of water pipeline network. Alternative solutions of proposed system are resulted into lowering LCC which have significant benefits into the industry (Vilanova, Magalhaes Filho and Balestieri 2015). It is benefited into that area where capitals funding along with limitation of resources are there. The industry builds a cost database to approximate the project life cycle cost. Maintenance along with development activities are carried out into 5 years of planning cycle. Lee et al. (2017) cited that LCC analysis helps the project manager to measure long term economic benefit of the industrys assets. When there is assessment of total price of ownership over life cycle of assets, then it gets better of the bottom line of the organization. The completion of life cycle cost analysis for water pipeline network has following benefits such as: The project manager utilizes the LCC analysis for examining the best way to estimate the future budget. The true cost of water pipeline asset is more than initial purchase cost. It serves for economic viability for each of the life cycle of selected asset (Godfrey and Hailemichael 2017). It permits to perform analysis of entire business functions. It will investigate the entire functional area of water infrastructure industry where there is higher resource consumption. This LCC analysis identifies the time of cash flow for selected asset. It also performs better management of project resources and costs (Fuchs et al. 2014). LCC analysis reviews impact of industrys policies on asset life cycle (Zhang, Kuczera and Kiem 2015). LCC analysis identifies preferred options to upgrade and meet with operating conditions. With use of LCC analysis, the first step is to estimate the operations and functions of water supply system. It also determines why control valve is failed; then it is done to identify the problems. Proper design of water supply system is an element to minimize the LCC analysis (Zhang, Kuczera and Kiem 2015). The system consists of pump, installation of pipeline, driver in addition to operating controls. Proper design consists of interaction among pipeline installation and entire water supply system. The characteristics of water supply system are measured to determine needed performance of the pipeline network. Installation as well as operational cost is dependent on diameter of pipe in addition to workings of the piping system (Kahn and Lemmon 2016). The diameter of pipe is based on some factors: economy of installation needed lower flow velocity for application, needed minimum diameter for application, maximum flow velocity to reduce erosion into piping and plant standard diameter of pipelines. References Asefa, T., Adams, A. and Kajtezovic-Blankenship, I., 2014. A tale of integrated regional water supply planning: Meshing socio-economic, policy, governance, and sustainability desires together.Journal of hydrology,519, pp.2632-2641. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Cabeza, L.F., Rincn, L., Vilario, V., Prez, G. and Castell, A., 2014. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,29, pp.394-416. Campbell, J.D., Jardine, A.K. and McGlynn, J. eds., 2016.Asset management excellence: optimizing equipment life-cycle decisions. CRC Press. Campbell, J.D., Jardine, A.K. and McGlynn, J. eds., 2016.Asset management excellence: optimizing equipment life-cycle decisions. CRC Press. Clay, S.M. and Fong, S.S., 2013. life cycle assessment. InDeveloping Biofuel Bioprocesses Using Systems and Synthetic Biology(pp. 15-17). Springer New York. Cullar-Franca, R.M. and Azapagic, A., 2014. Life cycle cost analysis of the UK housing stock.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,19(1), pp.174-193. Dll, P., Jimnez-Cisneros, B., Oki, T., Arnell, N.W., Benito, G., Cogley, J.G., Jiang, T., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Mwakalila, S. and Nishijima, A., 2015. Integrating risks of climate change into water management.Hydrological sciences journal,60(1), pp.4-13. Fletcher, S.M., Miotti, M., Swaminathan, J., Klemun, M.M., Strzepek, K. and Siddiqi, A., 2017. Water Supply Infrastructure Planning: Decision-Making Framework to Classify Multiple Uncertainties and Evaluate Flexible Design.Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management,143(10), p.04017061. Fuchs, J., Britch, M., Wubbena, T. and Plattsmier, J.R., 2014. Planning and Developing a New Multi-Agency Regional Water Supply System. InPipelines 2014: From Underground to the Forefront of Innovation and Sustainability(pp. 1985-1996). Godfrey, S. and Hailemichael, G. 2017. Life cycle cost analysis of water supply infrastructure affected by low rainfall.Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, p.washdev2017026. GulfNews. 2017.DEWA awards Dh248m contract for water pipeline project.GulfNews. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from https://gulfnews.com/business/sectors/energy/dewa-awards-dh248m-contract-for-water-pipeline-project-1.2049913 Gurung, T.R., Stewart, R.A., Beal, C.D. and Sharma, A.K., 2016. Smart meter enabled informatics for economically efficient diversified water supply infrastructure planning.Journal of Cleaner Production,135, pp.1023-1033. Harder, R., Heimersson, S., Svanstro?m, M. and Peters, G.M., 2014. Including pathogen risk in life cycle assessment of wastewater management. 1. Estimating the burden of disease associated with pathogens.Environmental science technology,48(16), pp.9438-9445. Harder, R., Schoen, M.E. and Peters, G.M., 2014. Including pathogen risk in life cycle assessment of wastewater management. Implications for selecting the functional unit.. Hawkins, T.R., Singh, B., Majeau?Bettez, G. and Strmman, A.H., 2013. Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles.Journal of Industrial Ecology,17(1), pp.53-64. Heijungs, R. and Suh, S., 2013.The computational structure of life cycle assessment(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Heimersson, S., Harder, R., Peters, G.M. and Svanstro?m, M., 2014. Including pathogen risk in life cycle assessment of wastewater management. 2. Quantitative comparison of pathogen risk to other impacts on human health.Environmental science technology,48(16), pp.9446-9453. Hellweg, S. and i Canals, L.M., 2014. Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment.Science,344(6188), pp.1109-1113. Kahn, R.N. and Lemmon, M., 2016. The asset managers dilemma: How smart beta is disrupting the investment management industry.Financial Analysts Journal,72(1), pp.15-20. Lee, H., Shin, H., Rasheed, ,. and Kong, M. 2017. Establishment of an Inventory for the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis of a Water Supply System.Water, [online] 9(1), pp.1-13. Lee, S., Yoo, D., Jung, D. and Kim, J. 2017. Application of life cycle energy analysis for designing a water distribution network.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Marlow, D.R., Moglia, M., Cook, S. and Beale, D.J., 2013. Towards sustainable urban water management: A critical reassessment.Water research,47(20), pp.7150-7161. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Palma-Behnke, R., Benavides, C., Lanas, F., Severino, B., Reyes, L., Llanos, J. and Sez, D., 2013. A microgrid energy management system based on the rolling horizon strategy.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,4(2), pp.996-1006. Paton, F.L., Maier, H.R. and Dandy, G.C., 2014. Including adaptation and mitigation responses to climate change in a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm framework for urban water supply systems incorporating GHG emissions.Water Resources Research,50(8), pp.6285-6304. Pietrucha-Urbanik, K., 2015. Failure analysis and assessment on the exemplary water supply network.Engineering Failure Analysis,57, pp.137-142. Pikaar, I., Sharma, K.R., Hu, S., Gernjak, W., Keller, J. and Yuan, Z., 2014. Reducing sewer corrosion through integrated urban water management.Science,345(6198), pp.812-814. Renuka, S.M., Umarani, C. and Kamal, S., 2014. A review on critical risk factors in the life cycle of construction projects.Journal of Civil Engineering Research,4(2A), pp.31-36. Rdger, J.M., Hammond, J., Brownsort, P., Dickinson, D. and Loewen, A., 2016. Life cycle assessment.Biochar in European Soils and Agriculture: Science and Practice, p.184. Sadhukhan, J., Ng, K.S. and Hernandez, E.M., 2014. Life Cycle Assessment.Biorefineries and Chemical Processes: Design, Integration and Sustainability Analysis, pp.93-146. Sahin, O., Siems, R.S., Stewart, R.A. and Porter, M.G., 2016. Paradigm shift to enhanced water supply planning through augmented grids, scarcity pricing and adaptive factory water: a system dynamics approach.Environmental Modelling Software,75, pp.348-361. Sahin, O., Stewart, R.A. and Porter, M.G., 2015. Water security through scarcity pricing and reverse osmosis: a system dynamics approach.Journal of cleaner production,88, pp.160-171. Scholten, L., Schuwirth, N., Reichert, P. and Lienert, J., 2015. Tackling uncertainty in multi-criteria decision analysisAn application to water supply infrastructure planning.European Journal of Operational Research,242(1), pp.243-260. Shin, H., Joo, C. and Koo, J., 2016. Optimal rehabilitation model for water pipeline systems with genetic algorithm.Procedia Engineering,154, pp.384-390. Stark, J., 2015. Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Stenstrm, C., Norrbin, P., Parida, A. and Kumar, U. 2015. Preventive and corrective maintenance cost comparison and costbenefit analysis.Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 12(5), pp.603-617. Vilanova, M.R.N., Magalhes Filho, P. and Balestieri, J.A.P., 2015. Performance measurement and indicators for water supply management: Review and international cases.Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,43, pp.1-12. Zakeri, B. and Syri, S., 2015. Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,42, pp.569-596. Zhang, L., Kuczera, G. and Kiem, A.S., 2015. Exploiting climate state information in urban water supply planning and operation. In36th Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium: The art and science of water(p. 833). Engineers Australia.

Running head Health, Stress, and Coping Essay Example

Running head Health, Stress, and Coping Paper The chapter outlines the biological, psychological, social and cultural factors that influence health and illness. The potential stressors that increase the risk of illness are stressful experiences or situations that are uncontrollable or chronic lasting for at least six months. Some of them include work related problems, noise, bereavement and loss, poverty, powerlessness and low status. According to health researchers, there are three factors due to which these chronic stressors do not affect everyone in the same way .They are (1).Individual physiological differences in the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and other bodily systems (2) psychological factors such as attitudes, emotions, perceptions of events (3) people’s behaviour under stress. The Physiology of Stress We will write a custom essay sample on Running head Health, Stress, and Coping specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Running head Health, Stress, and Coping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Running head Health, Stress, and Coping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Research in the area of stress began in the year, 1956, when Canadian physician, Hans Selya (1907-1982) published â€Å"The stress of life†. He described about general adaptation syndrome which is a series of physiological responses to stressors that occur in three phases namely alarm, resistance and exhaustion. Selya believed that some stress is positive and productive while some negative stress that is unavoidable may overwhelm body’s ability to cope. Stress and Body   The modern research on stress focused on the hypothalamus which sends messages to endocrine glands that activate the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system releasing epinephrine and norepineprine. Further to this, it is now evident that when body is under stress the activity along the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex called as HPA axis is initiated. The chemical messages from hypothalamus communicate with pituitary which in turn sends messages to outer part of the adrenal glands that secrete cortisol. If cortisol and stress hormones stay for too long they can be harmful contributing for hypertension, immune disorders, other physical ailments and possible emotional problems. The Mind-Body link To understand further on stressors and variations in people’s reaction to stress, an interdisciplinary specialty with focus on psychological processes, nervous, endocrine and immune systems called as psychoneuroimmunology or PNI has emerged. Research shows that chronic stress can weaken or suppress the white blood cells of the immune system. Not all people are affected in the same way by chronic stressors and environmental condition. The reason behind the differential responsiveness to stress could be attributed more to the perception about the stressor. This simply means that human beings show signs of stress when they feel crowded than when the place is crowed.  Ã‚   Therefore psychological factors play a major role. The Psychology of Stress Emotions and Illness- The effects of negative attitudes and emotions can affect the course of the illness and of recovery. Research shows that feeling anxious, depressed and helpless for example can delay the healing of wounds after surgery, whereas feeling hopeful can significantly speed healing .Efforts to link emotions and illness occurred with research on Type A personality in 1970s. The main ingredient in Type A personality turned out to be antagonistic hostility which is related to heart disease. Chronic depression also is a risk factor that is linked to heart disease. Positive Emotions are helpful in that they are associated with better health and longevity.   Psychologists are trying to find out what it is about feeling happy, cheerful and hopeful that could protect a person from getting sick. Perhaps, people with positive emotions have an easy going temperament and also have better social support. Managing Negative Emotions- As negative emotions are risky, trying to suppress those means processing the thought more frequently. One way to get rid of negative emotions comes from research on benefits of confession and forgiveness.It promotes empathy, the ability to see the situation from another person perspective. Optimism and Pessimism- Research indicates that optimism helps in promoting health and well-being than pessimism. The feeling of optimism is related to having a sense of control. According to Rotter, 1990, locus of control refers to general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus).The greatest threat to health and well-being occurs when people feel caught in a situation they cannot escape. Two ways of controlling feelings can be through primary or secondary control that can help to reduce or even eliminate the relationship between stressors and health. An effort to modify reality by changing other people, the situation, or events is called as primary control while secondary control is an effort to accept reality by changing attitudes, goals or emotions. Coping with Stress Coping involves active efforts to manage demands that feel stressful. Different forms of coping with stress include using physical strategies, problem oriented strategies, cognitive strategies or social strategies. Some of the physical strategies include handling physiological tension by reducing body’s arousal through meditation, relaxation, and massage. Studies also show that physically fit people have fewer health problems. Some situations demand problem focused coping skills which depend on the nature of the problem. When there are problems that cannot be changed like losing a job, or chronic illness then using cognitive coping methods will help to change the way we think about the problem. The three ways for coping includes reappraising the situation, learning from experience and making social comparisons. Apart from these individual mechanisms of coping taking help of social support is another important approach that facilitates coping. Family members, friends, neighbors, and co-workers can lend support and provide help. Studies also show that social support enhances health and bolsters immune system. Another   better way of coping with stress is by helping others .Healing through helping enables   people to gain strength by focusing   less on their woes which can stimulate optimism and restore feelings of control. How much control do we have over our health? The process of coping does not involve elimination of stress but to deal with the stressors effectively. In the course of dealing with stressors, illness and health we have control over some psychological and social factors like negative emotions, pessimism, external locus of control, hostility, depression, and lack of supportive friends etc. Other three predictors of longevity are not smoking, eating a healthful diet and exercising regularly.   Therefore coping with stress means learning to live and deal with the stressors, problems and the pain.

Free Essays on Collective Security

Should the Concert of Europe be viewed as an example of collective security? The Napoleonic Wars, lasting from 1789 until 1815, were unlike any previously fought on continental Europe. For the first time, it was fought between nations and not just the ruling elites of each state . In addition, the terrible toll in lives lost and damage done was of a previously unthinkable scale. When, therefore, Napoleon was defeated and France was restored to its original (pre-Revolutionary) frontiers, the Great Powers of Europe sought to create a system between them that would ensure a lasting peace. This system came to be known as the Concert of Europe, and acted to sustain a viable peace from 1815 until the Crimean War in 1848. This essay discusses whether this system acted in a way consistent with the theory of Collective Security. This essay will begin by discussing the theoretical framework of Collective Security, its key principles and objectives. Following this, a look at the structure of the Concert of Europe will show its theoretical incompatibility with Collec tive Security doctrine. The two systems show two clearly different approaches to power among states, and the principles of Collective Security are not the same as those of the concert. Thirdly, it will be shown how the Concert acted in practice, not in line with collective security, but with balance-of-power, the system that theorists of Collective Security attempt to replace. Nevertheless, the following section of this essay will show how some of the key participants in the Concert of Europe, particularly Metternich of Austria, did sometimes act with collective security, rather than balance of power, in mind, and that many of the Concerts techniques seem at odds with traditional balance of power logic. Thus, the theory of ‘Concert collective security’, put forward to explain this discrepancy, will be explained and examined. This will lead to the conclusion that, while t... Free Essays on Collective Security Free Essays on Collective Security Should the Concert of Europe be viewed as an example of collective security? The Napoleonic Wars, lasting from 1789 until 1815, were unlike any previously fought on continental Europe. For the first time, it was fought between nations and not just the ruling elites of each state . In addition, the terrible toll in lives lost and damage done was of a previously unthinkable scale. When, therefore, Napoleon was defeated and France was restored to its original (pre-Revolutionary) frontiers, the Great Powers of Europe sought to create a system between them that would ensure a lasting peace. This system came to be known as the Concert of Europe, and acted to sustain a viable peace from 1815 until the Crimean War in 1848. This essay discusses whether this system acted in a way consistent with the theory of Collective Security. This essay will begin by discussing the theoretical framework of Collective Security, its key principles and objectives. Following this, a look at the structure of the Concert of Europe will show its theoretical incompatibility with Collec tive Security doctrine. The two systems show two clearly different approaches to power among states, and the principles of Collective Security are not the same as those of the concert. Thirdly, it will be shown how the Concert acted in practice, not in line with collective security, but with balance-of-power, the system that theorists of Collective Security attempt to replace. Nevertheless, the following section of this essay will show how some of the key participants in the Concert of Europe, particularly Metternich of Austria, did sometimes act with collective security, rather than balance of power, in mind, and that many of the Concerts techniques seem at odds with traditional balance of power logic. Thus, the theory of ‘Concert collective security’, put forward to explain this discrepancy, will be explained and examined. This will lead to the conclusion that, while t...

Wuthering Heights Questions for Study and Discussion

'Wuthering Heights' Questions for Study and Discussion Wuthering Heights is one of the greatest works by Emily Bronte. Here are a few questions for study and discussion. Questions for Study and Discussion What is important about the title? AnswerWhat are the conflicts in Wuthering Heights? AnswerHow does Emily Bronte reveal character in Wuthering Heights?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in​ Wuthering Heights? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Are the characters consistent in their actions? Which of the characters are fully developed? How? Why?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How does the novel relate to feminist literature?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What is the role of women in Wuthering Heights? How are mothers represented? What about single/independent women?What elements of the story, plot, characterization, etc. are the most controversial? Why do you think the book was banned? Do you believe the book should remain banned? This novel has been compared to the Twilight series. Do you agree? Why? Why not?Compare A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, with this novel. How do the characters cope with rejection?Would you recommend this novel to a friend?

Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design Research Paper - 1

Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design - Research Paper Example However, due to certain physiological issues, the communication gap between the employees may increase, thus leading to a more complex situation (Bruce, 2003). According to Harris (2001), â€Å"decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and the preferences of the decision maker.† In other words, the decision maker has the privilege to choose from the numerous alternatives that he/she thinks is suitable according to the situation. As stated by Galbraith, Downey, & Kates (2002), organizational design is referred to as the continuous process of congregating people practices, reward systems, and structure of the organization for developing the capabilities of achieving the strategies required for the business. Thus, it can be recognized. The effective design of an organization is a significant part in ensuring that organizational goals and strategies are met. In this paper, the three key issues, i.e. conflict, decision making, and org anizational design will be discussed in context of the Field Support Directorate (FSD) of the United States Army Software Engineer Center. These issues will be identified and negotiation strategies will be applied to addressing the conflicts. Moreover, the process of applying of evidence-based management will be determined. Apart from these, the stages and the methods of decision making will be analyzed and recommended to the employer of FSD to follow. Last but not the least, the environmental and strategic factors that affect the organizational design will be discussed and analyzed. Process of Applying Negotiation Strategies to Address Potential Conflict in FSD As stated by Rahwan, McBurney & Sonenberg (2003), negotiation is the interaction between a group of people, with an aspiration to cooperate with the possible contradictory interests that tend to facilitate in reaching a mutually approved and acceptable division of limited resources. In other words, negotiation regarding solv ing a conflict often leads to sacrifices done by both parties involved in the conflict (Rahwan, McBurney, & Sonenberg, 2003). According to Cloke & Goldsmith (2005), conflict resolution’s definition is similar to the definition of success which is described by Winston Churchill as â€Å"the process from failure to failure with undiminished enthusiasm†. Similarly, conflict resolution always begins and remains at an endpoint until a distinguished reason or a solution and resolution become possible. Thus, the author further suggests that learning references should be followed to gain problem solving knowledge and to explore in-depth reasons for resistance, to understand the process of mediation and to redesign organizational cultures, systems, and structures. Thus, the processes will help to discourage suppression of the conflict and to encourage avoidance and resolution (Cloke & Goldsmith, 2005). The Field Support Directorate (FSD) provides a software support structure to the operations center that is one of the decisive links between the field support personnel, Warfighter, and software maintenance facility. The FSD’s role is to resolve any issue concerning the software labs by providing rapid solution to any unit concerns. The department is divided and mapped with various other departments to work closely with all the units and the CECOM Senior Command Representatives to provide resolutions to

Commodity Trading in the United Kingdom Dissertation

Commodity Trading in the United Kingdom - Dissertation Example This research study examines how two of the largest commodity traders in the world, Vitol and Glencore International, conduct their commodity trading activities through the commodity exchanges in the United Kingdom and in its OTC market. The pit trading system of the years gone by is now replaced by electronic systems that receive orders from traders through the Internet to match these orders with other orders for execution of a transaction. In an electronic exchange the clearinghouse regulated by a supervisory body and the government acts as an intermediary, to deliver lower costs, security, reliability and a global reach for trading in commodity contracts and commodity derivatives. The OTC market in the United Kingdom is less strictly regulated than the exchanges listing commodity contracts and commodity derivatives, but this market offers flexibility for those with needs that standardised commodity listed contracts cannot satisfy. A literature review and semi-structured interviews with commodity traders with expert knowledge assist the research together with the case studies for Vitol and Glencore International. The research concludes that it is likely that the United Kingdom commodity market will continue to attract interest from all around the world with a promise for delivering more for less even into the future. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 3 1.2 Objectives of the Research Study 6 Chapter 2 Literature review 8 2.1 The Impact of Electronic Trading on Commodities 8 2.2 Contracts on Commodity Exchanges 10 2.3 The Trading House and Trading Commission in Exchanges 11 2.4 The Financial Services Authority (FSA) 12 2.5 The London International Financial and Futures Exchange (LIFFE) 13 2.6 Trading on the LIFFE CONNECT 15 2.7 Buyers and Sellers on Electronic Exchanges 17 2.8 Types of Orders on the LIFFE CONNECT 18 2.9 Basics of Commodity Trading 21 2.10 Commodity Derivatives 22 2.11 Over-the-Counter Trades 23 2.12 Regulation of Commodity Tradin g 25 2.13 The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) 27 Chapter 3 Methodology 30 Chapter 4 Results of Semi-Structured Interviews 37 Chapter 5 Case Studies 44 5.1 Vitol Case Study 44 5.2 Case Study for Glencore International 47 Chapter 6 Analysis and Interpretation 51 Chapter 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 65 Appendix A - Questionnaire for Semi-Structured Interviews 69 Appendix B - Consent Form 74 Bibliography / References 76 List of Figures Figure 1: Change in Commodities Trading in the United Kingdom over the Years 53 Figure 2: Commodity Assets under Management in the United Kingdom 55 Figure 3: OTC Derivatives Trading in Commodities in the United Kingdom 56 Figure 4: Commodity Trading on Exchanges in the United Kingdom 57 Figure 5: A Comparison of Commodities, Stocks and Bonds in the United Kingdom 58 Figure 6: Breakdown of Exchange Traded Commodity Securities in the United Kingdom 60 Figure 7: Value of London Bullion Market Clearing 61 Figure 8: A Comparison of Lon g-Term Commodities Returns based on the Goldman Sachs Commodities Index 62 (This page intentionally left blank) Chapter 1 Introduction Agricultural commodities, minerals, crude oil, metals, natural gas and even energy in the form of electricity are among the fundamental inputs for production and consumption in all societies (Schaeffer, 2008, Pp. 1 – 5). Thus, resource commodity markets are vital for all regions and nations because these markets play a central role in economic development, international trade, and global economic and political stability. Commodity markets enable resource-producing nations to earn export revenues by linking

A.C. Devices Essay Example for Free

A.C. Devices Essay INTRODUCTION Although in our daily life we use A.C. current devices. But rectifier is a ‘Electronic device which converts A.C. power into D.C. power’. The study of the junction diode characteristics reveals that the junction diode offers a low resistance path, when forward biased, and a high resistance path, when reverse biased. This feature of the junction diode enables it to be used as a rectifier. The alternating signals provides opposite kind of biased voltage at the junction after each half-cycle. If the junction is forward biased in the first half-cycle, its gets reverse biased in the second half. It results in the flow of forward current in one direction only and thus the signal gets rectified. In other words, we can say, when an alternating e.m.f. signal is applied across a junction diode, it will conduct only during those alternate half cycles, which biased it in forward direction. TYPE OF RECTIFIER Mainly we have two types of rectifier : 1. Half wave rectifier. 2. Full wave rectifier. JUNCTION DIODE AS HALF WAVE RECTIFIER When a single diode is used as a rectifier, the rectification of only one-half of the A.C. wave form takes place. Such a rectification is called half-wave rectification. The circuit diagram for a half-wave rectifier is shown in Fig. Principle : It is based upon the principle that junction diode offers low resistance path when forward biased, and high resistance when reverse biased. Arrangement :- The A.C. supply is applied across the primary coil(P) of a step down transformer. The secondary coil(S) of the transformer is connected to the junction diode and a load resistance RL. The out put D.C. voltage is obtained across the load resistance(RL) Theory : Suppose that during the first half of the input cycle, the junction diode gets forward biased the conventional current will flow in the direction of the arrow-heads. The upper end of RL will be at positive potential w.r.t. the lower end. During the negative half cycle of the input a.c. voltage, the diode is reverse biased. No current flows in the circuit, and therefore, no voltage is developed across (RL). Since only the positive half cycle of the input appears across the load, the a.c. input is converted into pulsating direct current (d.c.). Disadvantage of Half-Wave-Rectifier : 1. Half wave rectification involves a lot of wastage of energy and hence it is not preferred. 2. A small current flows during reverse bias due to minority charge carriers. As the output across (RL) is negligible. 3. The resulting d.c. voltage is not steady enough for some purpose. The following device is used when a very steady d.c. voltage is required. JUNCTION DIODE AS A FULL WAVE RECTIFIER â€Å"A rectifier which rectifies both waves of the a.c. input is called a full wave rectifier†. Principle :- It is based upon the principle that a junction diode offers low resistance during forward biased and high resistance, when reverse biased. Difference from half-wave-rectifier :- The main difference is that in full wave rectifier we use two diodes. For this when we apply a.c. current to the rectifier then the first half wave get forward biased due to first diode. And when the second half wave comes. Then at that time the second diode comes in action and gets forward biased. Thus output obtained during both the half cycles of the a.c. input Arrangement :- The a.c. supply is applied across the primary coil(P) of a step down transformer. The two diodes of the secondary coil(S) of the transformer are connected to the P-sections of the junction diodes (D1) and (D2). A load resistance (RL) is connected across the n-sections of the two diodes and at centre of the secondary coil. The d.c. output will be obtained across the load resistance (RL). Theory :- Suppose that during first half of the input cycle, upper end of (S) coil is at positive potential. And lower end is at negative potential. The junction diode (D1) gets forward biased, while the diode. (D2) get reverse biased. When the second half of the input cycle comes, the situation will be exactly reverse. Now the junction diode (D2) will conduct. Since the current during both the half cycles flows from right to left through the load resistance (RL) the output during both the half cycles will be of same nature. Thus, in a full wave rectifier, the output is continuous but pulsating in nature. However it can be made smooth by using a filter circuit. REVERSE BIASING ON A JUNCTION DIODE A P-n junction is said to be reverse biased if the positive terminal of the external battery B is connected to n-side and the negative terminal to p-side of the p-n junction. In reverse biasing, the reverse bias voltage supports the potential barrier VB. (Now the majority carriers are pulled away from the junction and the depletion region become thick. There is no conduction across the junction due to majority carriers. However, a few minority carriers (holes in n-section and electrons in p-section) of p-n Junction diode cross the junction after being accelerated by high reverse bias voltage. Since the large increase in reverse voltage shows small increase in reverse current, hence, the resistance of p-n junction is high to the flow of current when reverse biased. MATERIAL REQUIRED 1. Transformer : It is device which is used to increase or decrease the alternating current and alternating voltage. For the rectifier, it may be step down or step up. 2. Junction Diode : It is made up of p-type and n-type semiconductor which conducts when the p terminal of diode to connect to positive terminal of battery and n region is connected to negative terminal of battery i.e. during forward biased and does not conduct during reverse biased.

Essay --

1. Why choose seasonal sales promotion as key KPI for Global electronic retail Seasonal sales promotion has grown substantially in recent years because it encourages people to buy more. There are few benefits for this growth in sales promotion for global electronic retail. ï  ¬ First consumers have easily accepted seasonal promotion as part of their buying decision criteria therefore they have a reason to look electronic product up constantly. ï  ¬ Second it is an opportunity to attract customer’s attention for global electronic retail and bring in new business in the sense of inheriting marketing themes with each season, holiday or event. ï  ¬ Third seasonal promotions focusing mainly on short term growth in sales which will immediate bring in additional revenue and increase margins. ï  ¬ Fourth it motivates and stimulates sales staffs. Create a sense of urgency: the promotion won’t last longer than the season/event. 2. The reason setting seasonal promotions could be based on the benefits above, but when decide to setting the target of seasonal promotion figures, the list of things below need ...

Movie Review The Lord Of the War Essay

Lord of War almost didn’t make it to the big screen. In fact, it barely even reached the production stage due to its bristly, accusatory subject matter of illegal international arms dealing. Yet despite its Hollywood feel, â€Å"Lord of War† is an excellent introduction to the opaque and oft-ignored activities of the merchants of death, or lords of war. Writer/director Andrew Niccol (The Terminal, Simone, and The Truman Show) insisted upon strictly adhering to true life events that shed an unflattering light on many of the world’s wealthiest nations. Although telling the truth in Lord of War makes for a riveting tale of international intrigue and finger pointing, it wasn’t really a great way to secure funding for a major motion picture. It took the gumption of several foreign investors who were willing to take a chance that the film’s powerful message would resonate with audiences. Count me as one of those moved by the film’s cruel honesty. Still living with his immigrant family in Brighton Beach, Yuri Orlov (Nicolas Cage) has had enough–the family restaurant has no customers, his cook brother Vitaly (Jared Leto) can’t cook and his mother nags his devout Jewish father who is anything but Jewish. So instead of getting sucked into a go-nowhere life, Yuri naturally gets into arms dealing. After selling a local hood an Uzi, Yuri discovers that he might actually have the knack. He recruits his younger brother–more for moral support than business acumen–and begins to soar up the arms dealing food chain, attaining wealth, luxury and an exciting lifestyle along the way. The only thing he lacks is his dream girl–Ava Fontaine (Bridget Moynahan), a Brighton Beach beauty queen-turned-supermodel. But Yuri finally wins her heart, too, by posing as a legitimate businessman with more money than he actually has. Ava senses he’s not legit, but just as long as they have their penthouse overlooking Central Park and a chauffeured limo, she’d rather not know what he does. Meanwhile, Yuri’s interests clash with his chief rival, Simeon Weisz (Ian Holm), an old-school gunrunner, coming to terms with the end of the Cold War. Backed into a corner, Yuri is given a choice between continued competition or none at all, and his decision sends Yuri into a spiral of rapid moral decay despite ever-increasing profits. His greatest struggle through it all has been with himself. In the end, he learns to accept the Golden Rule of arms dealing: Never wage war with anybody, especially yourself. Lord of War shines its cinematic spotlight on the shadowy world of illicit arms trafficking – a global scourge that has claimed millions of lives since the end of the Cold War. According to Yuri in this film, owning guns or bullets is the second most basic human need behind eating. The skeleton is here for a truly revolutionary film that simply ties with the real world of today which ways reveal bold strokes about the amorality of world politics, and how every single one of us has rationalized the wholesale export of violence because it keeps us in comfort. The world is a business – it’s about money, of course, and as long as someone is paying, actions toward fellow man are burdensome, if not irrelevant. There is only the bottom line, and every man, woman, or child who has died on the field of battle has done so in the name of profit, usually of the corporate variety. As we compare to this existing world of today, a lot of business intelligent men chose to profit from human frailty. Lord of War narrates the proceedings by breaking the third wall with a cynical, matter-of-fact voice-over that lays out a gritty, dirty snapshot of a world – the devastating consequences of the worldwide trade in weapons that we don’t want to know exists. Though we’re uncomfortable knowing the truth, seeing how it actually works is absolutely captivating. Nations throughout the world are implicated in wrongdoing, as Niccol’s pointed story pulls no punches. His brutal honesty often hurts. It is, for instance, fascinating and horrifying to learn that the five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council are the world’s biggest arms suppliers, which technically, is correct; and also dares to suggest that death is the biggest business of all.   Most viewers won’t find comfort in accepting the film’s political accusations, and its moral dilemmas will undoubtedly offend many, especially in today’s increasingly volatile world. But good, thought-provoking filmmaking is good for us all. REFERENCE Niccol, A. (Director/Writer/Producer). (2005). Lord of War [Motion picture]. United States: 20th Century Fox -Arclight Films.

To what extent is this true and how important is this conflict to the novel as a whole?

Throughout Iris Murdoch's novel, ‘The Bell' we are constantly being presented with conflicts, many of which relate to the discord between sex and religion which have been opposed to each other since the dawn of creation when Adam and Eve succumbed to temptation in the Garden of Eden. This conflict has particularly dark tendencies and acts as a destructive force for several characters, namely Catherine, Michael and Nick. Despite this being the primary theme of the novel we are also presented with a number of conflicts of a different nature. The main conflict of the novel is that existing between sex and religion, as embodied by Catherine and Michael. Michael is constantly confronted by the issue of his sexuality and how it affects his religion. He is always striving to live a good life and he believes that entering into the priesthood would allow him to achieve this. However he is prevented from fulfilling this wish by his homosexuality which goes completely against the Church's teaching. Michael believes that to live a good life, â€Å"One should have a conception of one's capacities †¦ study carefully how best to use such strength as one has†. In initiating relationships with firstly Nick and then subsequently with Toby, Michael is clearly failing to do this. He is aware of his sexual tendencies and knows that they are viewed as improper but fails to take measures to prevent them from overpowering him. Michael admits to this failing in Chapter 16, â€Å"Michael was aware now †¦ that it had been a great mistake to see Toby †¦ the clasp of hands, had had an intensity, and indeed delightfulness, which he had not foreseen – or had not cared to foresee. † Michael seems to take pleasure in the feeling of guilt which these forbidden relationships cause in him. When he is confronted by James Tayper Pace, following Toby's confession of what had taken place between them, he is quite willing to take all the blame for the whole situation, â€Å"The real blame belongs to me. By sending Toby away you've made him feel like a criminal. † It is as though Michael wants James to blame him. He feeds off guilt; the constant cycle of guilt, redemption and then further guilt. Nick's arrival at Imber Court acts as a further reminder of his sins and at the conclusion of the novel when Nick has killed himself, Michael is left with a permanent reminder of his actions as he becomes responsible for Catherine. Despite all the guilt, Michael feels that his love of God and his love of Nick â€Å"come from the same source†. The moments in which he claims to feel closest to God are ironically found with Nick and Toby. Of Michael's feelings over his initial contact with Toby the narrator comments that, â€Å"He had felt his heart heel over in tenderness for the boy, and had been sure that such a spring of feeling could not be wholly evil. † However, Michael is unable to reconcile his homosexuality with his religion and is tormented by it constantly. Nick's death destroys his faith in God and causes him to question whether he had ever really believed at all. He is ridden with guilt over his failure to give Nick the redemption he was looking for. He made desperate cries for help but Michael was too concerned with trying to lead a ‘good life' to notice. The one good thing he could have done was to be true to Nick, however he fails to realise this until it is too late. Although he does eventually return to the Mass he simply â€Å"existed beside it†. There is no longer any future for him in religion; he must concentrate on looking after Catherine. As the Abbess said, â€Å"the way is always forward, never back†. Michael is facing in the right direction but it is up to him to start walking. Catherine, like Michael, cannot reconcile her sexuality with her religion. As a postulant nun she is preparing to sacrifice her whole life to serve God. Iris Murdoch believed that one of life's great tasks was to engage in a process called unselfing. By joining the convent Catherine is attempting this process. Therefore, her feelings for Michael are totally improper for someone in her position; consequently she is ridden with guilt, which leads to her attempt to take her own life. The entire community is oblivious to her feelings for Michael. She is viewed as being something the other members should aspire to, â€Å"our little saint† as Mrs Mark observes. Dora is particularly in awe of her, both for her beauty and apparent sexual purity. She also feels slightly threatened by her as she represents what she can never have or be. It is as a result of Dora's interest in Catherine that we first get a suggestion that she is not as holy as everyone believes. Dora questions her motives for wishing to enter the abbey and Catherine's reply is, â€Å"There are things one doesn't choose †¦ I don't mean they are forced on one. But one doesn't choose them. These are often the best things†. This hints that she is not whole-hearted in her wish for a religious life: it appears that it is what was always expected of her, rather than being of her own design. Dora is the only character who notices this; the rest are all deceived until the dramatic incidents at the end. However nobody suspects that she may have feelings towards Michael. The only incident where we are given an inkling of any attraction is when Nick is working on the van and Catherine is sitting beside him with her skirt up around her waist; Michael arrives and she doesn't readjust it. Michael feels uncomfortable in this situation but gets the impression that she must â€Å"positively dislike him† as she looks up at him without smiling. Catherine ultimately fails to suppress her love for Michael and when the new bell falls into the lake she views this as a sign that God has condemned her, driving her to attempt to take her own life. Like Michael she cannot be truly good as she cannot reconcile her faith with her sexuality. There are also religious conflicts within the community as a whole. Firstly there is the conflict between the abbey and the lay community. The abbey is cut off both physically and in terms of the role it plays in everyday life. The abbey is separated from Imber Court by a large lake. The only way to reach the abbey is by a rowing boat which can be pulled across from either end. Then there is a high wall which goes all the way around the abbey. The only way in is through a door in the wall, which surprisingly is always kept unlocked. Toby discovers this when he climbs over the wall into the abbey as part of his sexual awakening. This incident follows the embrace with Michael and is Toby's attempt to convince himself that he is not homosexual. There is very little contact made between the abbey and the court. We only see rare glimpses of the nuns and Michael is the only person who is allowed to visit the Abbess. Most communications are made through Mother Clare, her intermediary. These boundaries are all representative of the widening gap between lay and spiritual life, and the fading role of religion in everyday existence during the 1950's when Murdoch was writing. People were abandoning the church in favour of other beliefs more relevant to the world they were living in. The community as a whole is separated from the rest of the world as there is a boundary wall enclosing both the abbey and the court. As Michael comes to realise, the community was an impossible dream; it is an attempt to isolate themselves from the realities of life. We also see religious and sexual conflicts between individual characters. Take for instance the contrasting speeches given by Michael and James Tayper Pace, in chapters 9 and 16 respectively, on how to live a ‘good life'. James teaches that the good life is, â€Å"to live without any image of oneself†. He has absolute faith in God and believes that he will guide him through life. James is a very sure person, confident in his own beliefs and very dismissive of anyone who disagrees with him. â€Å"I have little time for the man who finds his life too complicated for the ordinary rules to fit†. This viewpoint is very much the orthodox view of religion that had held prominence unchallenged for centuries until the time period in which Murdoch wrote the novel, when people started challenging this blinkered outlook. Michael by contrast takes a much more open stance. He believes this it is important to, â€Å"have some conception of one's capacities† so as to know â€Å"how best to use such strengths as one has†. Rather than having blind faith in God alone he suggests that you should explore yourself, test the boundaries of your capabilities. Ironically Michael fails to be aware of his own shortcomings in his dealings with Nick and Toby. To most modern audiences this attitude would seem much the better of the two. Nevertheless, in presenting these two different viewpoints Murdoch acts as a moral philosopher but allows us to contemplate and draw our own conclusions. She does not appear to be endorsing one in particular, possibly suggesting that the way forward is a compromise between the two. There is also a conflict of character between Mrs Mark and Dora. Mrs Mark strictly enforces the religious ideals of the community. For example when Dora asks her what she and her husband did before entering the community she is told, â€Å"We never discuss our past lives here †¦ when people ask each other questions about their lives, their motives are rarely pure†. In fact Dora is asking purely out of interest, she does not attempt to judge others. By conversing with Mrs Mark she was simply trying to show human warmth but this is killed by Mrs Mark's restrictive nature, which is reflected in the community as a whole. Murdoch uses symbolism to show conflicts with this novel and the most obvious use of it is the two bells. The old bell depicts scenes from the life of Christ, illustrated by rural, peasant images. It is inscribed with the words, â€Å"Vox ego amoris sum† (I am the voice of love). The bell is symbolic of a traditional way of life that had existed for centuries, with religious and secular life co-existing in harmony. In contrast the new bell is covered with â€Å"arabesque swirls†: these are meaningless, therefore reflecting the declining importance of religion in peoples' lives. Spiritual fulfilment was becoming more abstract during the 1950's, an example being Dora's revelation in the National Gallery when she is standing in front of Gainsborough's painting of his two daughters and experiences something â€Å"real† but at the same time â€Å"perfect†. In the past people would have turned to religion to provide such feelings and called them revelations. The story of the bell flying into the lake and the nun who drowned herself because she was having a relationship with a man are representative of the ongoing conflict between sex and religion. When the old bell is rung again it heralds the revealing of the long know truth that this conflict will never die, as Catherine declares her love for Michael and Toby confesses to James Tayper Pace over his encounters with Michael. The tarnishing and growths encrusted on the bell from years of being underwater illustrate the loss of purity in contemporary religion, also the tarnishing of Michael and, through his actions, Nick. The lake is another important symbol which contains different meanings. As well as providing a physical gap between the court and the abbey it is symbolic of the divide between spiritual and temporal life. When at the end of the novel Dora cuts the painter on the rowing boat it shows that there is no future for these two lifestyles to exist side by side. The lake is particularly significant when analysing the character of Toby. When he is contemplating his relationships with Dora and Michael he walks â€Å"carefully† around the lake. He is young and inexperienced in the ways of the world, not yet ready to make important decisions such as his sexuality. The murky waters of the lake represent the mysteries of life; Toby has tested the water out but is not going to throw himself in until he is certain. His ability to swim is also symbolic of the fact that he can cope with situations that face him; likewise, the aquatic nun who comes to the rescue of Catherine and Dora. She has learnt to live a purely religious life. Dora cannot swim at the beginning of the novel, she is drowning in Paul's restrictive power, however by the end she has learnt to live without him and take control of her own life. By contrast, Catherine is never able to come to terms with her feelings for Michael, resulting in her near death experience by drowning. There are other significant examples of symbolism. When Michael is in the chapel and describes the singing of the nuns as â€Å"hideous purity† this symbolises the struggle between sex and religion which is taking place inside him. It is because of this conflict that he finds their singing repulsive, as they have what he wants but knows he will never get; a truly religious life. Catherine is in a similar position, therefore it is perhaps significant that they both have the same dream about the drowning nun. There is ironic symbolism in the name of Dora's lover, Noel Spens. Noel is a very Christian name but he speaks out strongly against religion. He believes that it misguides people and places unfair restrictions on their lives. Dora's changing musical tastes are also significant. At the beginning when they hold an evening of Bach's music, Dora dislikes this as she finds it too structured and formal. She much prefers listening to Noel's jazz music, with its jungle rhythms and exuberant style. However by the end of the novel we are told that she has taken an interest in listening to Mozart. This is representative of the change from chaos to order in her life in general. She learns to take control of her life and not let Paul repress her. Initially she describes marriage as being â€Å"enclosed in the aims of another†. She is scared of Paul's physical power and will follow his orders to the letter. She is like the butterfly trapped on the train. Toby saves her from his restrictiveness by allowing her to rediscover her youth. He releases her. At the same time Dora saves Toby from being trapped in a relationship with Michael by allowing him to realise that he is not homosexual. There are many conflicts within this novel, the majority of which relate in some way to that existing between sex and religion. It is its destructive nature which makes this conflict so dark and I would argue that it is a conflict that can never truly be resolved. We do see different kinds of conflict as I have discussed but these do not play such a central role in the novel.

Laughter essays

Laughter essays If you look up laughter in the Dictionary it will tell you that it is a movement (usually involuntary) of the muscles of the face, particularly of the lips, with a peculiar expression of the eyes, indicating merriment, satisfaction, or derision, and usually attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air from the lungs. The Keyword here is involuntary; usually laughter occurs for no reason and sometimes it does. The first type of laughter is the kind that you do out of happiness. This usually occurs when you hear something humorous or see something that is humorous. It comes almost as an instinct, you dont see or hear something that is funny and then think to yourself, oh this is a funny statement and I should laugh at it. This comes almost like a reflex. Sometimes even when people are angry and someone says something to cheer them up and no matter how hard they try not to laugh a smile creeps up on them. The second kind of laugh is the nervous laugh. This is the less common laugh, it occurs when you want to relieve a tense or stressful situation, basically it means that it is a laugh out of desperation. For example if your parents find out that you did something and they ask you and they really know what you did and you dont know that they know it makes it harder to get out of this situation, you know you are cornered and you manage a fake nervous laugh to make them go easy on you. This can be a very stressful laugh and it is better if this never occurs. ...